Macrophagesâ€Germ-Eating White Blood Cells

Macrophages are immune system cells that are vital to the development of non-specific defense mechanisms that provide the first line of defense against pathogens. These large immune cells are present in nearly all tissues and actively remove dead and damaged cells, bacteria, cancerous cells, and cellular debris from the body. The process by which macrophages engulf and digest cells and pathogens is called phagocytosis. Macrophages also aid in cell mediated or adaptive immunity by capturing and presenting information about foreign antigens to immune cells called lymphocytes. This allows the immune system to better protect against future attacks from the same invaders. In addition, macrophages are involved in other valuable functions in the body including hormone production, homeostasis, immune regulation, and wound healing. Macrophage Phagocytosis Phagocytosis allows macrophages to get rid of harmful or unwanted substances in the body. Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which matter is engulfed and destroyed by a cell. This process is initiated when a macrophage is drawn to a foreign substance by the presence of antibodies. Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to a foreign substance (antigen), tagging it for destruction. Once the antigen is detected, a macrophage sends out projections which surround and engulf the antigen (bacteria, dead cell, etc.) enclosing it within a vesicle. The internalized  vesicle containing the antigen is called a phagosome. Lysosomes within the macrophage fuse with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome. Lysosomes are membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes formed by the Golgi complex that are capable of digesting organic material. The enzyme content of the lysosomes is released into the phagolysosome and the foreign substance is quickly degraded. The degraded material is th en ejected from the macrophage. Macrophage Development Macrophages develop from white blood cells called monocytes. Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell. They have a large, single nucleus that is often kidney-shaped. Monocytes are produced in bone marrow and circulate in the blood anywhere from one to three days. These cells exit blood vessels by passing through blood vessel endothelium to enter into tissues. Once reaching their destination, monocytes develop into macrophages or into other immune cells called dendritic cells. Dendritic cells aid in the development of antigen immunity. Macrophages that differentiate from monocytes are specific to the tissue or organ in which they reside. When the need for more macroghages arises in a particular tissue, the residing macrophages produce proteins called cytokines that cause responding monocytes to develop into the type of macrophage needed. For example, macrophages fighting infection produce cytokines that promote the development of macrophages that specialize in fighting pathogens. Macrophages that specialize in healing wounds and repairing tissue develop from cytokines produced in response to tissue injury. Macrophage Function and Location Macrophages are found in almost every tissue in the body and perform a number of functions outside of immunity. Macrophages aid in the production of sex hormones in male and female gonads. Macrophages assist in the development of blood vessel networks in the ovary, which is vital for the production of the hormone progesterone. Progesterone plays a critical part in the implantation of the embryo in the uterus. In addition, macrophages present in the eye help to develop blood vessel networks necessary for proper vision. Examples of macrophages that reside in other locations of the body include: Central Nervous System—Microglia are glial cells found in nervous tissue. These extremely small cells patrol the brain and spinal cord removing cellular waste and protecting against microorganisms.Adipose Tissue—Macrophages in adipose tissue protect against microbes and also help adipose cells to maintain the bodys sensitivity to insulin.Integumentary System—Langerhans cells are macrophages in the skin that serve an immune function and aid in the development of skin cells.Kidneys—Macrophages in the kidneys help to filter microbes from blood and aid in the formation of ducts.Spleen—Macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen help to filter damaged red blood cells and microbes from blood.Lymphatic System—Macrophages stored in the central area (medulla) of lymph nodes filter lymph of microbes.Reproductive System—Macrophages in gonads aid in sex cell development, embryo development, and the production of steroid hormones.Digestive Systemâ₠¬â€Macrophages in the intestines monitor the environment protecting against microbes.Lungs—Macrophages present in the lungs, known as alveolar macrophages, remove microbes, dust, and other particles from respiratory surfaces.Bone—Macrophages in bone may develop into bone cells called osteoclasts. Osteoclasts help to break down bone and to reabsorb and assimilate bone components. Immature cells from which macrophages are formed reside in non-vascular sections of the bone marrow. Macrophages and Disease Although a primary function of macrophages is to protect against bacteria and viruses, sometimes these microbes can evade the immune system and infect immune cells. Adenoviruses, HIV, and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are examples of microbes that cause disease by infecting macrophages. In addition to these types of diseases, macrophages have been linked to the development of diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Macrophages in the heart contribute to heart disease by aiding in the development of atherosclerosis. In atherosclerosis, artery walls become thick due to chronic inflammation induced by white blood cells. Macrophages in fat tissue can cause inflammation which induces adipose cells to become resistant to insulin. This can lead to the development of diabetes. Chronic inflammation caused by macrophages can also contribute to the development and growth of cancer cells. Sources: White Blood Cells. The Histology Guide. Accessed 09/18/2014 (http://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/blood/blood_wbc.php)The Biology of Macrophages - An Online Review. Macrophage Biology Review. Macrophages.com. Published 05/2012 (http://www.macrophages.com/macrophage-review)

The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And...

The Prevalence Of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, And Binge Eating Disorder How prevalent is anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders? Without the knowledge of research, one is likely to think eating disorders are quite prevalent in society today. However, research proves that eating disorders, in general, are not as prevalent as one might think without any knowledge of the subject. Prevalence of an eating disorder refers to the number of cases of an eating disorder within a population. When discussing the prevalence of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and eating disorders, it is important to realize and understand the risk factors and characteristics that help to better explain the prevalence of such†¦show more content†¦(Fairbum and Wilson, 1993, 9). There are several types of anorexia nervosa (restricting type and binge eating/purging type), but these distinct classifications are not relevant to this discussion. After discussing the criteria used to establish the presence of an anorexia nervosa disorder, the discussion of prevalence rates of anorexia nervosa is necessary. Eagles et al (1995) conducted a study of the prevalence rates of anorexia nervosa by comparing referral rates of patients. They acknowledge that a number of studies on this subject have been conducted and that the outcomes have been conflicting. Eagles et al (1995) recognize that these conflicting results can be explained by the changes in admissions practices, changes in the frequency of referrals and an increase in public awareness (Eagles et al, 1995, 1266). Studying the incidence of referral rates is necessary in order to determine the prevalence of anorexia nervosa because referral rates are a direct measurement of the number of cases within a given population. The study by Eagles et al (1995) found that referral rates of anorexia nervosa have risen in the past two decades and these rates have a direct influence on pre valence rates. Therefore, the researchers conclude from the increase in the incidence of referral rates and increased public awareness that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa has also risen, but they do not give a prevalence rate. Therefore, the increase in referral rates and increasedShow MoreRelatedBulimia Nervosa and Anorexia Nervosa Essay997 Words   |  4 PagesEating disorders are extremely harmful and rising in prevalence. . The two most common eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. In this essay, I will compare and contrast these two disorders. This essay will also assess the symptoms, causes, health affects and the most prevalent characteristics of people diagnosed with these two eating disorders. â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa is characterized by self-starvation to avoid obesity. People with this disorder believe they are overweight, evenRead MoreEssay Bulimia Nervosa1311 Words   |  6 PagesBULIMIA NERVOSA 307.51 (F50.2) Introduction Individuals diagnosed with bulimia nervosa undertake frequent binge eating, followed by expelling the food, typically by inducing vomiting, but also through exercising and the use of laxative agents, diuretics, and enemas (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The binge eating occurrences are often prompted by a negative perception of one’s body image, temporarily alleviated by the binge eating episode. Since the individual with bulimia nervosa is overanxiousRead MoreEating Disorders Are Potentially Life Threatening Illnesses Essay1912 Words   |  8 PagesBack in 2005, Amy, at age 17, was diagnosed with Anorexia nervosa after dropping twenty-two pounds for a school dance. Amy had been under a great amount of stress with organizing their school ball, trying to find a partner, and getting a dress. She decided to drop weight before this special occasion. While at the ball, Amy received multiple compliments about her weight loss. This was a contributing factor to her Anorexi a. Soon after, Amy’s family noticed she was still dropping weight. Amy was thenRead MoreEye Opener : The Mind And Body1480 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of disorders. One type of disorder that is becoming very common in the everyday high school aged student are eating disorders. Even though some people believe it is normal to have an eating disorder, people should be aware of the different kind of eating disorders because it is easy to develop these kinds of illnesses and too many innocent teenagers are dying from these unhealthy life choices. There are different types of eating disorders but the most common are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia NervosaRead MoreComparing the Similarities and Differences Between Anorexia and Bulimia1016 Words   |  5 PagesAnorexia nervosa and Bulimia nervosa are described as psychological eating disorders (Keel and Levitt, 1). They are both characterized by an over evaluation of weight. Despite being primarily eating disorders, the manifestations o f bulimia and anorexia are different. They both present a very conspicuous example of dangerous psychological disorders, as according to the South Carolina Department of Health, â€Å"Eating disorders have the highest mortality rate of any mental illness† (Eating Order StatisticsRead MoreEye Opener : The Mind And Body1478 Words   |  6 Pagestypes of disorders. One type of disorder that is becoming very common in the everyday high school aged student are eating disorders. Even though some people believe it is normal to have an eating disorder, people should be aware of the different kind of eating disorders because it is easy to develop these kinds of illnesses and too many innocent teenagers are dying from these unhealthy life choices. There are different types of eating disorders but the most common are Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia NervosaRead MoreEating Disorders Can Be Generally Characterized By Any Range Of Abnormal Or Disturbed Eating Habits897 Words   |  4 PagesEati ng disorders can be generally characterized by any range of abnormal or disturbed eating habits. The DSM IV has expanded from two categories of eating disorders; Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa, to three categories; now including Binge Eating Disorder. As defined in the DSM IV, Anorexia Nervosa is predominately found in adolescent girls and young women. The disorder is defined as distorted body image and excessive dieting that leads to severe weight loss with an obsessive fear of becomingRead MoreEating Disorders Are A Serious Issue People Face914 Words   |  4 PagesEating Disorders Eating disorders are a serious issue people face in our society. A study put on the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Involved 9,282 individuals. In this study, they resulted in 0.9% of women and 0.3% of men are suffering from anorexia nervosa,1.5% of women and 0.5%of men are suffering from bulimia, and 3.5% of women and 2.0% of men are suffering from binge eating. Anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating all differentiate but are detrimental to bodily functions. In which caseRead MoreDiagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders1631 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2013) or DSM-5 outlines the four feeding and eating disorders as, Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, Binge-Eating Disorder, and Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder (OSFED). These are complex and highly devastating disorders that cause health, emotional, and relationship problems (NEDA, 2016). These conditions should not be taken lightly due to their potential to cause long term emotional and physicalRead MoreTaking a Look at Eating Disorders1708 Words   |  7 Pages EATING DISORDERS Introduction: Eating disorders are conditions characterized by abnormal eating habits that include excessive or insufficient food eating habits that hampers a person’s mental as well as physical health. Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are the most common types. Others are binge eating disorder and eating disorder not otherwise specified. Classification: †¢ Anorexia nervosa (AN), †¢ Bulimia nervosa (BN), †¢ Eating disorders not otherwise specified †¢ Binge eating disorder

To Study of the Law of the Constitution Free Essays

Introduction A V Dicey described the rule of law as â€Å"one of two pillars upon which our constitution rests, the other being the sovereignty of parliament.† [1] This immediately brings emphasis to the view that ourUK constitution values the rule of law as well as considering parliamentary sovereignty as a supreme component of our Country’s constitution. The question however, lies in whether parliament has the absolute power to ‘legally legislate on any topic whatever which, in the judgment of parliament, is a fit subject for legislation,’ or conversely, a contradictory argument is much more valid. We will write a custom essay sample on To Study of the Law of the Constitution or any similar topic only for you Order Now First of all, I will take Her Majesty’s words of enactment into account, which conferred that, our present assembly of Parliament, has the authority to create legislation with the consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal. This implies Parliament has the power to â€Å"make or unmake law whatever, and no body or person is recognised by the Law of England as having a right to override or set aside the legislation of parliament,†[2] as Dicey well defined in his rule of law theory. Evidently, this supports the basis of my argument that Parliament has the sovereignty of power to create or dismiss law and no Political MP or common man, has the capacity to do so. Furthermore, there is much to support the view that the doctrine of supremacy lies in the hands of Parliament. The courts ascribe Acts of Parliament to have legal force which â€Å"other instruments for one reason or another fall short of being an Act of Parliament.† This superlatively supports Dicey’s statement above â€Å"no power which, under the English constitution, can come into rivalry with the legislative sovereignty of parliament.’ However, in terms of rivalry the courts referred to treaties entered under prerogative powers, by-laws created by a local authority, order in council, the Scottish parliament or the Northern Ireland Assembly. Yet, it is justifiable to a very large extent, Parliament has unlimited power in the constitutional affairs of the United Kingdom. The Septennial Act (1715) which Parliament passed to â€Å"extend the life of parliament from three to seven years.† [3] Furthermore, the amendments which Parliament made through the Parliament Acts (1911) and (1949) to hold â€Å"a general election at least every five years.†[4] As well as, amending its own composition and bills as set out in the 1911 Act. These were the initial legal changes which gave rise to Parliament’s supremacy to legislate on any matter which is ‘a fit subject for legislation.’ Additionally, through the Act of Settlement (1701) and the Abdication Act (1936), Parliament made a remarkable change through the succession of the throne. The courts who have a role to interpret and apply Acts of Parliament affirmed that only Acts have legal force. Dicey’s first principle on the rule of law can be supported from above. In addition, Parliament being able to legislate retrospectively strengthens the view that ‘parliament can make or unmake any law it chooses.’ In the case Burmah Oil co v Lord Advocate (1965)[5] Parliament exercised its power to introduce another Act, the War Damages Act (1965) as the decision to overturn the House of Lords decision became crucial to prevent theUK suffering a huge financial drain, at the time of the World Wars. This exemplifies Parliament being able to legislate with no legal limits as such. Thereby, supporting Dicey’s statement above. Now I will bear relevance to Dicey’s second principle which states â€Å"Courts are constitutionally subordinate to parliament.† The rationale for courts to be constitutionally lower than parliament is that Bills do not have legal force, it is Acts that do. Therefore, the stages that a bill must pass to become an Act clearly imply Parliament has greater supremacy, on the grounds, the courts cannot make law. However, they do have the authority to enforce law which has already been an Act. Moreover, the Enrolled Act rule legally permits the courts to amend legislation which parliament cannot change. The case Edinburgh and Dalkeith co V Wauchope (1842) [6]gave rise to this rule, as Wauchope set out to challenge Parliament as a result of the Private Act affecting Wauchope’s rights against the railway company. Challenge was rejected, as Parliament refused the introduction of the bill into parliament through standing orders of the House of Commons. The legislative authority of Parliament was evident in this case. On the other hand, Lord Reid in the case Madizimbamuto v Lardner Burke [1969] â€Å"it would be unconstitutional for the United Kingdom parliament to do certain things.†[7] The implication of this was clear, it would be unconstitutional for Parliament to legislate for other governments likeRhodesia. However, Parliament may do such things if it wishes to do so, as it is much evident the supreme power remains with parliament. This strongly supports Dicey’s rule of principle. On the contrary, Sir Glanville Williams (1947) argued that, â€Å"no statute can confer this power upon Parliament, for this would be to assume and Act on the very power that is to be conferred.† [8] This implicates statute cannot form sovereignty, opposing the the sovereignty parliament being able to legislate, both ‘prospectively and retrospectively, to be noted from above.’[9] Conversely, the dismissal which took place in the case Cheney V Conn (1968) due to illegal taxes, allowed Ungoed –Thomas J to proclaim â€Å"it is the law which prevails over every other form of law†[10] subsequently, ‘what the statute enacts cannot be unlawful because the statute is the law.’[11] In opposition of Dicey’s statement above, Dicey’s third rule of principle highlights certain limitations on the legislative power of Parliament. In the view that, ‘Parliament cannot bind its successors or be bound by its predecessors.’ Primarily because Parliamentary sovereignty is protected by two doctrines, express repeal and implied repeal. Implied repeal in context for instance, states that if there were to be a conflict between two Acts, one previous and one repealed, then the rule applies that the last of two Acts passed at separate times, it is the most recent Act which must be obeyed. Therefore, Parliament must cohere to this rule. However, the key limitations which have been argued to challenge the sovereignty of parliament are the Human Rights Act [1998], Devolution ofScotlandandWales, the Treaty of Union (1707) and the European Communities Act (1972). The Human Rights Act [1998] seeks to protect human rights against legislation by later Parliaments. So it could be justified as a limitation for Parliament to pronounce a lawful decision such as ‘all blue eyed babies should be killed.’ Also, since the devolution of the UK Parliament[12], devolving powers toScotland as ruled in the Scotland Act (1998), Northern Ireland Act (1998) and Government of Wales Act (1998), this may contradict Dicey’s statement above. AsWales,Scotland andNorthern Ireland have the power to legislate on certain matters such as Education-student tuition fees; this possibly means ‘Parliament cannot legislate on any topic whatever’ unless, the powers were to be taken away, which could in theory happen. Seeing as,Westminster still holds the supreme power. Yet, the process is likely to be time consuming. Additionally, it could be reasoned that Parliament’s powers have been limited since the Treat of Union (1707) came into existence. On the basis that, the treaty of union was introduced to unite the two kingdomsEnglandandScotland, with the belief that, there was a union of equals. Implying thatScotlandis somewhat equal toEngland. They could argue, the Treaty of Union is a higher form of law and may prevail over inconsistent Acts of Parliament. In historical context, the sovereignty of Parliament was seen in a different light as it is today. Coke CJ in the case of Bonham (1610) 8 co Rep [13] asserted that, Common Law was a higher form of law than an Act of Parliament. However, this judgment was formed when the monarch had greater legislative and judicial power than Acts of Parliament. Since 1714, there has been a reversal of constitutional affairs; consequently this justifies the power of parliament to ‘legally legislate on any topic whatever, which is a fit subject for legislation.’ Conclusion In conclusion, after evaluating all the limitations above, it would be rightly justified to say that a majority would agree that they were political rather than legal limits imposed on parliament’s sovereignty of power. Thereby, with the supported arguments above, it seems right to agree on A V Dicey’s statement above as there was greater validity. How to cite To Study of the Law of the Constitution, Essay examples

Ethical Analysis of Decision Making Process †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Analysis of Decision Making Process. Answer: Ethical Dilemma: Harry is working as a network programmer in the company named as Fabio Inc. He was working on developing security program to provide proactive security to the company assets. He developed a solution which can save the company resources from external attacks. He presented his security program to the IT security head and describes him the key features of the software (Kohn, 2013). He told the security head that the software is capable of presenting graphical user interface, it can develop graphics for every activity performed, and resources can be rescued from potential cyber-attack. The new program is having the capability to differentiate between new and old viruses. The security head denies the advantage of the developed program. He says that the program developed by him is the dangerous program and can have a negative impact on the organization infrastructure. The analysis of the security head, demotivated harry for his good work. Harry decided to present his idea on the internet w ith the new name named as Lock Smith. On analysing the situation, Jill made Harry out of work from the organization with the permission of the IT head. Later on, the owner of the company asked the IT head to bring the expertise of Lock Smith back to the organization. In the current situation, the demotivation in the employee compels him to do wrong deeds which are against the laws of the company. The employees should be rewarded for their good deeds which creates the feeling of oneness in the employees. The appreciation and reward should be presented for giving their best in the benefit of the organization. The false review can creates negativity in the working employees (Owens, 2010). It can be predicted from the case study that if the employees will not provide with the valuable incentives for their hard work, the company can face the loss of expertise which works well for improving the profitability of the organization. The decision making plays an important role in developing an ethical environment for the organization. The ethical action is composed of four psychological processes which are categorised as sensitivity in the recognition of good work and bad work, decision and judgement should follow moral values, judgement should provide motivation to the employees, and lastly the decision maker should follow the moral character in taking appropriate decision in betterment of the employees and the organization (Bazerman, 2013). The project leader or head should follow the ethical behaviour to provide valuable recognition to the good work of the employee which helps in keeping the employees motivated towards the common goal of the organization. In the given case study, the ethical issues associated with the employees of the organization are depicted in the table below: Name Role Ethical Issues Harry Network programmer He should not work against the laws of the company. Jill IT security Head Before the judging the work of the Harry, she should have tested the program developed by him to give the correct judgement. The wrong judgement creates the negative feeling in Harry. Brockley IT executive Head Without any proof, he should not trust Jill. The decision should not be provided on the decision taken by other. Iris Project Owner The action should be taken against the high official also for taking wrong judgement Ethical Analysis in four steps with the use of decision of decision making process: Facts The facts collected from the case study about ethical issues in the organization are giving wrong judgement of the good work of Harry, putting harry out of work, taking negative decision without any proof, demotivation in Harry, and other Ethical Issues: The ethical issues which are associated with the given scenario are: The hard work of the employees get wasted Feeling of demotivation in the working employees The employees can go against the policies of the company The performance of the employees get affected Coordination and cooperation between the employees will be affected Potential Harm: The performance of the other employees can also get affected due to the feeling of demotivation which in turn affects the profitability ratio of the organization (Gilman, 2012). One wrong judgement can affect the dignity of the enterprise. Involvement of stakeholder: There are four members who are involved in the ethical dilemma of the organization who are network programmer, IT security head, IT executive head, and project owner of the company. Isolate the Major Ethical Dilemma: The judgment of the IT security head should be taken by collecting the relevant facts for the developed program to know its correct functioning. The laws of ethics should be followed so that the moral values of the employee will not be affected. The tools of ethics should be followed for rewarding the good work of the network programmer (Yerby, 2013). The corrective action plan should be provided by the head to remove the flaws of the developed software so that it can efficiently use in the infrastructure of the organization. it helps in raising the feeling of motivation in the programmer and remains connected with the working of the organization. Ethical Analysis and Consequentialism: The follow up of the ethical codes in taking judgement will work in the benefit of the company and its employees (Ejimabo, 2015). No one will be negatively affected and it works well for the organization prosperity. The higher authority do not use ethical standards and policies in taking decision then it is going to affect the performance of the employees which in turn affect the growth rate of the company (Kidder, 2014). The subsequent follow up of the ethical standards and policies before giving the judgement on the work done by the employees helps in raising the confidence with the top professionals. The employees will get benefit in terms of incentives and reward of good works. No extra burden of providing incentives will occur on the project owner The best alternative to overcome the ethical dilemma of the company is to follow the ethical standards and policies before giving judgement on the work done by the employees. Comment: The goodwill of the company depends on the efficient and motivated employees which give their best in providing benefit to the organization. Right and duties: The dignity and culture of the employees should be affected The integrity should be followed for taking professional judgement Facts and figures should be accumulated for taking decision The respect of work should be given privilege The judgement should be based on evidences, not on trust. The moral values and professional ethics should be followed The following ethical duties should not be neglected: The respect should be given to the other views, thoughts, opinions, vision, and ideas. The good and healthy relationship should be developed between the employees and top executives The good working conditions should be provided to the employees. No discrimination should be done in the working culture on the basis of religion, caste, region, sex, and others. Categorical Imperative: Jill will be treated with disrespect Harry will be treated with disrespect Follow up of ethical laws and duties Harry The judgement should be based on evidences Yes it will create a feeling of motivation which works well in improving the performance of the employees (Mablin, 2012) No, it will adversely affect the profitability of the organization The ethical principles and standards should be followed for taking decision Discussion: The decision making plays an important role in developing an ethical environment for the organization. It can be predicted from the case study that if the employees will not provide with the valuable incentives for their hard work, the company can face the loss of expertise which works well for improving the profitability of the organization (Mitchell, 2015). Defensive ethical decision: The judgement taken by the top executives should be based on ethical principles and strategies which is associated with the relevant facts and figure collected for the action plan. Steps followed: Values, ethics, and legal requirement should be clearly identified before taking professional judgement The terms and concepts should be defined in relation with integrity and moral ethical sensitivity associated with the action taken (Hanson, 2014). The professional should have a clear specification of the ethical dilemma The strategies should be developed for resolving ethical conflict References: Bazerman, M. (2013).Ethical Breakdown. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2011/04/ethical-breakdowns Ejimabo, N. (2015).The influence of decision making on organization leadership and management activities. Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/the-influence-of-decision-making-in-organizational-leadership-and-management-activities-2169-026X-1000138.php?aid=54660 Gilman, S. (2012).Ethics code and code of conduct as tool for promoting an ethical and professional public service. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/mena/governance/35521418.pdf Hanson, K. (2014).The six ethical dilemma every professional faces. Retrieved from https://www.bentley.edu/sites/www.bentley.edu.centers/files/2014/10/22/Hanson%20VERIZON%20Monograph_2014-10%20Final%20(1).pdf Kidder, E. (2014).Ethical Decision making and behaviour. Retrieved from https://uk.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/39590_Chapter7.pdf Kohn, A. (2013).Why incentive plans cannot work. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/1993/09/why-incentive-plans-cannot-work Mablin, R. (2012).Human Resource management ethics and employment. Retrieved from https://www.hrpa.ca/Documents/Designations/Job-Ready-Program/Human-Resource-Management-Ethics-and-Employment.pdf Mitchell, C. (2015).Rewarding ethical behaviour. Retrieved from https://www.tsphr.com/pdfs/rewarding_ethic_behavior.pdf Owens, J. (2010).Work Ethics for development professional. Retrieved from https://www.manage.gov.in/studymaterial/workethics.pdf Yerby, J. (2013).Legal and ethical issues of employee monitoring. Retrieved from https://www.iiakm.org/ojakm/articles/2013/volume1_2/OJAKM_Volume1_2pp44-55.pdf

Who Should Rule

Who should rule? According to Plato, philosophers should rule because they have what it takes to be leaders. In his work, Plato explains that leaders should possess certain â€Å"forms†. These forms are relevant because they are unchanging and present the best knowledge.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who Should Rule? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Plato believes that philosophers are the only people who can grasp such aspects (Jowett 19). They are also capable of understanding everything appropriately. The leading â€Å"form†, according to Plato, is that of â€Å"Good†. All other â€Å"forms† arise from the â€Å"Form of Good†. According to Plato, philosophers grasp ideas by undergoing through certain stages of understanding. This is what makes them the best leaders in a society. Plato claims that philosophers are a class of men that possess unique ideas, knowledge, and unde rstanding (Adam 72). They are â€Å"just† and capable of leading others. The souls of these philosophers are conditioned thus making it easier for them to fulfill the needs and expectations of their people. Rationality, according to Plato, is what guides a philosopher. Rationality is one of the attributes that make a philosopher an effective leader. Philosophers will promote justice because it is worthwhile. Justice is relevant because it embraces people’s psyche and health. Such leaders will ensure the souls of their people are healthy, contented, untroubled, and happy. Such kings are able to make appropriate judgment in order to address the needs of the people. The other argument presented by Plato is that of pleasure. Philosophers are â€Å"truth-loving†, something that makes it easier for them to apply â€Å"impartial judgment†. According to Plato, any kind of pleasure that is not associated with truth and philosophy is unpleasant. Only philosophers u nderstand the importance of â€Å"just life† and its importance towards a better society. From this understanding, it is agreeable that being a philosopher is a privilege. Plato believes that philosophy is a unique occupation that embraces wisdom (Adam 48). Such kings will be â€Å"just†. This is necessary because justice helps such kings grasp the â€Å"Form of the Good†. Philosophers will imitate the â€Å"Form of the Good† thus creating orderly societies.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the above discussion, it is notable that Plato connects the idea of â€Å"justice† to the â€Å"Form of Good†. He furthers views the two as essential qualities of a leader. That being the case, it becomes evident that philosophers possess such qualities. The kings will behave in a â€Å"just† manner because it is the best thing for them to do. A s well, such leaders consider justice to be something essential regardless of the rewards or punishments it presents (Jowett 20). Plato believes that justice should be able to appeal to psychology. This is what promotes individual justice. With such ideas, Plato strongly believes that a philosopher will become the best ruler in The Republic. From a personal perspective, I would support Plato because he offers valid ideas about leadership. Philosophers should become kings because they will govern their kingdoms for the good and welfare of the citizens. Such kings will apply practical theories and ideas in order to address the needs of the people. The approach will ensure all classes benefit equally from their leadership. Philosophers, as Plato argues, will not leave the minorities behind (Jowett 85). This will promote equality, peace, and development. These classes include farmers, warriors, and guardians. With these three classes, philosophers can establish the best systems thus mak ing it easier for the people to understand their respective obligations and responsibilities. The idea can reduce corruption and injustice. The people will never question their positions in the society. Instead, they will stand firm in order to safeguard their rights. This explains why such kings can address most of the challenges affecting our societies today. According to Plato, a ruler should have skills and virtues in order to lead others. This is necessary because a tyrant cannot be virtuous. A king will establish the best relations in his kingdom. He will always be close to his family, his villages, and eventually bring his people closer.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Who Should Rule? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the â€Å"Form of Good†, the philosopher will make his kingdom successful. The leader will use his knowledge to implement the best ideas and opportunities that can address the di verse needs of his people. As Plato states, â€Å"true leaders should consider every issue at hand in order to make the best decisions (Jowett 103)†. This explains why only philosophers can complete these duties and empower their people. After examining Plato’s arguments, it is evident that philosophers can help establish successful societies. Such a philosopher will be a servant of the people. This is exactly what Plato argues in his work, â€Å"The Republic†. Although many people would argue that Plato’s ideas influenced leaders like Adolf Hitler, the outstanding fact is that such a leader was a tyrant but not a philosopher-king. It is necessary to consider some of the ideas presented by Plato in order to understand the importance of justice and proper leadership (Jowett 75). If applied properly, Plato’s views on leadership can help societies and corporations overcome most of the challenges they face today. Works Cited Adam, James. The Republic o f Plato. New York: Longman, 2009. Print. Jowett, Benjamin. The Republic by Plato. New York: Wiley, 2010. Print. This essay on Who Should Rule? was written and submitted by user Randall Mccray to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Italy Country Report. Company Ford

Italy Country Report. Company Ford Company: Ford Overview Italy is geographically positioned in Europe. The country’s capital city is the renowned city of Rome. Italy’s population is estimated as over 61.2 million people. The country takes pride in a parliamentary form of government. Moreover, the country trades with Euro (EUR) as its main currency. Since the year 2011, the countrys GDP shows that the main economic sectors are service delivery, industry and agriculture. In addition, the country’s both import and export are associated with the United States, France, Germany, China and Spain.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Italy Country Report. Company: Ford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic Situation Weak Economic Performance Italys economic performance has been in decline since the Eurozone economic turmoil in the year 2012 (Lane 52). The subsequent economic struggles in Greece had a negative impact on both external and internal demands in Italy. In fact, the economic struggles reduced business and consumer confidence in the country. This factor has a negative impact on Fords operations in Italy. With a declining demand for automotive products and reduction in industrial production, Ford would suffer huge losses of the company ventures in Italy in 2013. The general economic performance in Eurozone affects consumer spending. This is attributed to the increasing unemployment rate. Ford manufactures high quality products, and consumers in Italy cannot spend money on expensive automotive. International Competitiveness Italy’s position in international competitiveness has been deteriorating since the year 2011 (Smeral 8). The fact that the country has lost at least 20% of the market share in international exports is discouraging. In this respect, Italy has avoided conducting business with countries that do not pose competitiveness in terms of costs and price change. Such countries include Germany and the United States. In this regard, it would not make economic sense to have Fords venture in the Italian market. Inflation Rates In the year 2012, the inflation rate in Italy had increased incredibly. A major reason for the increasing inflation rate was the rise of energy costs. An increase of the value added tax (VAT) also influenced the high inflation rate. During this period, the demand for automotive products was stable, but the decreasing demand for trend in the year 2013 is a sign of reduced inflation rate. In this regard, a demand for imports in Italy will reduce in the year 2013. A projected decrease of inflation by 1.6% would influence the demand for Fords products in the country. Unemployment Unemployment in Italy has been on the rise since the year 2012. By November of 2012, unemployment had risen by 11.1%, which is 25% higher than the previous year (Checchi 148). The current labor laws in Italy seek to protect employees who only work on a permanent contract.Advertis ing Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In this respect, companies like Ford and similar businesses are unable to invest in uncertain labor environment. In fact, this makes it difficult for companies like Ford and automotive businesses to manufacture and sell automotive products in Italy. Fords success in Italy requires constant availability of labor and stable market. Bank lending and interest rates The Eurozone crisis in the year 2012 led to restrained bank lending. The Italian economy has depended on the European Central Bank to fund government projects, and bail out major economic sectors. The increasing lending rates provided by Italian banks are making it difficult for investors to increase their capital base. Companies like Ford or automotive businesses require support from financial and lending institutions during an economic meltdown. Such support was evidenced in the U nited States when the government bailed General Motors from receivership and total bankruptcy. Currently, the lending institutions in Italy cannot support Ford or bail out a foreign investor in the automotive industry. Italy’s interest rates are determined by the European Central Bank. Interest rates in the year 2001 were recorded as 4.8 % compared to 0.5% in the year 2013 (Spaventa 9). The projected reduction of interest rates in the year 2014 might increase the business opportunities for Ford and automotive business in Italy. However, the current interest rates are still high and cause a decline of the automotive business in Italy. Moreover, the high interest rates are causing the weakening of the Euro in the region and especially in Italy. GDP It is estimated that the country’s GDP reduced by 0.1% between August and September of 2013. Until the year 2013, Italy’s GDP has always averaged 0.6% since the year 1960. From the year 1992, Italy’s expansion of trade within the European Union has seen its GDP reduce significantly. This may be due to its low international competitiveness and the global economic meltdown. The increased public spending in Italy is not favorable for automotive business and Ford. Fig 1.0 Sample Italy’s GDP graphical representationAdvertising We will write a custom report sample on Italy Country Report. Company: Ford specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Demand The demand for Ford vehicles in Europe has been high for the past two decades. By targeting market segments in Germany, France, Spain and Italy, Fords sales volume rose by 2.3% by the end of August 2013. However, a decrease of automotive sales in Europe declined by 5.7 % during the same period. This is an indication that Fords sales volume may be reducing if the current economic factors remain constant. Checchi, Daniele. Labor market and inequality trends in Italy. The Politics of Structural Reforms: Social and Industrial Policy Change in Italy and Japan. Ed. Magara, Hideko and Sacchi, Stefano. Boston: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. 148-170. Print. Lane, R. Philip. The European sovereign debt crisis. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 26.3 (2012): 49-67. Print. Smeral, Egon. The impact of the financial and economic crisis on European tourism. Journal of Travel Research 48.1 (2009): 3-13. Print. Spaventa, Lugi. The growth of public debt in Italy: past experience, perspectives and policy problems. PSL Quarterly Review 66.266 (2013). Print.

The Relationship between School and Society Assignment

The Relationship between School and Society - Assignment Example However, time took drastic turn with the passage of time, and now an overwhelming majority of the individuals study in various schools, colleges, universities, academies and other formal educational institutions, from where the individuals seek professional education and obtain certificates and degrees in order to enter into practical life as qualified and skilled persons. Wilson (2011, p. ) is of the view that the increasing emphasis upon specific knowledge and the acquisition of credentials as the pathway for young adults seeking any hope of attaining financially rewarding occupations and navigating the existing social structure has captured the attention of the parents and students alike, which has paved the way towards the popularity of learning even in the poor and underdeveloped nations of the world. My respected parents got me admitted to a well-reputed school in the city when I was four years old. That was the institution from where I learned how to read and write. Like all s chools, my institution also taught me language, literature, pure and social sciences, humanities, mathematics and other disciplines. Somehow, I developed the special aptitude for political science, history, theology, philosophy, and literature. During the beginning of my educational career, the parts of the curriculum carrying civics, history, and spiritualism captured my attraction, and I always obtained excellent grades in these disciplines. My taste did not witness any decline in these subjects; as a result, I selected these subjects for my undergraduate program. I studied Plato, Descartes, Machiavelli, Nietzsche, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Adam Smith, Keynes and other political economists and sociological and political science theorists. The utilitarian theory articulated by J.S. Mill and structural-functional theory by Herbert Spencer opened new avenues of wisdom and foresight to me. I keenly studied the 1930 and 1970s economic recessions and drew out the causes and consequences of the same in an analytical way. I found Marxist conflict perspective to be highly moving (Ritzer, 2007, p. 88), and I looked for developing a worker-friendly corporate environment for the future years to come. I obtained the education under the system that was close to the Jeffersonian model of education. Famous statesman and educationalist of early nineteenth century Thomas Jefferson had introduced the education system where the children gradually climb the educational ladder in the light of their age-group. Stage I consists of primary school years, which should be specified for children of the age-group between 6 to 8 years. The students belonging to the age group from 9 to 16 years should be offered the education of intermediate level at secondary school, which is Stage II of education. Stage III of education focuses on the university years, which offers higher studies to the students. Consequently, the students should complete their education gradually and in a systematic way, wh ere the level of education should be determined in the light of the mental capabilities and understandings of the students, so that they could easily comprehend with the curriculum being taught to them at schools (Miller, 1998, p. 3).