Introduction Of Welfare Mechanism Health And Social Care Essay

In England, the successful debut of public assistance mechanism after the Second World War has dramatically changed the political, economic and social landscape. This baronial and selfless project has seen the development of services aimed at assisting undertake some of the most of import issues confronting society ( e.g. wellness and safety, instruction, wellness, exigency services, and attention for the aged and handicapped ) . It has had genuinely singular success in presenting an effectual safety cyberspace for society. Although this paper will non be concentrating on the grounds for this, it is deserving observing that by the 1960 ‘ / 1970 ‘s, the pride that people took in the societal accomplishments of the public assistance province started declining. The success of capitalist economy and competition in the private sector was perceived as being in stark contrast to the inefficient and unresponsive populace sector. Consecutive authoritiess were besides progressively disquieted as to the fiscal deductions of the public assistance province and looking to increase efficiency and cut down cost. Similarly, the addition richness and consumerism of citizens raised outlooks in client service and promoted the position of the service user as a consumer instead than as a receiving system of public services ( see Lowe, 2005 ; Eichengreen, 2006 ; Sorensen, 2000 ) . It is the purpose of this paper to measure the cogency of the undermentioned statement: â€Å" Patients do non desire pick, they want a good local service † . The trouble in specifying pick means that this paper will do the sensible premise that patients want high quality attention, efficient usage of resources and equity. These premises reflect the fact that the NHS is funded out of public outgo and abides by the rule of â€Å" making the right thing for those who need aid † ( Secretary of State 2010 ) . This paper will ab initio look at the alterations in authorities policy to present an component of pick before pulling on grounds and instance survey illustrations to show that pick does non needfully hold to come at the disbursal of local services when measured against the standard ‘s of high quality attention, efficient usage of resources and equity. This paper will reason by saying that pick within a little and limited field is what patients wan and what is be st for the National Health Service.Historical Background on the development of Choice in HealthcareConsecutive authoritiess have made moves to open up greater pick for users of public services. Greener and Powell ( 2009 ) have traced these developments in health care and found that it was non until 1989, in the ‘Working for Patients ‘ White Paper ( Secretary of State for Health, 1989 ) and the debut of a ‘quasimarket ‘ into health care, that the thought of patient pick began to take on a meaningful function in the planning of health care. Initially patient pick would include more freedoms in taking their GP ( who so made picks about secondary attention on their behalf ) , pick over ‘time or topographic point of intervention ‘ and a ‘wider pick of repasts ‘ provided to patients ( Le Grand et al. , 1998 ) . However, as a direct consequence of the quarrelsomeness of the internal market thoughts, patient pick was hardly mentioned for much of the following decennary ( Wainwright, 1998 ) . The start of the twenty-first Century did non see any major new developments on pick. The NHS Plan ( Secretary of State for Health, 2000 ) merely reminded patients that they had ‘the right to take a GP ‘ , provided patients with new agencies of accessing wellness services which reflected technological advancement and improved client service through the right to intervention at a clip and infirmary of the patient ‘s pick if their scheduled operation was cancelled. It is non until the 2006 White Pap er â€Å" Our Health, Our Care, Our Say † ( Department of Health, 2006 ) that patient pick of a genuinely meaningful nature is proposed. For the first clip patients would be allowed to do determinations about where they should be treated: â€Å" In the NHS, patients now have more pick of the infirmary that they go to, with resources following their penchants † ( Department of Health, 2006 p.3 ) . The NHS Constitution ( 2010 ) has enshrined the rights of patient to exercise some pick in the health care they receive. These include the right to take a GP surgery, to province whichA GP you ‘d wish to see, to take which infirmary you ‘re treated at, and to have information to back up your picks. These rights are non nevertheless cosmopolitan ( exclusions for the military, captives and mental wellness sick persons ) and exclude certain services ( where speedy diagnosing and intervention is peculiarly of import, pregnancy services and mental wellness services. In the recent Health and Social Care Bill ( 2011 ) , the current Government are suggesting to manus commissioning power to GPs and opening up the NHS to increased competition in an attempt to better NHS public presentation. Choice is seen as critical to this attempt, as without pick they can non be true market based competition. Consumer pick, based on their penchants, would find companies come ining and go outing the market. It is hoped that quality would be the cardinal determiner in consumer pick. In the White Paper ‘Equity and Excellence: Emancipating the NHS ‘ , this accent on pick was reinforced and clarified as to intending that â€Å" ..patients and carers will hold far more clout and pick in the system ; and as a consequence, the NHS will go more antiphonal to their demands and wants † ( Secretary of State 2010 ) .. This historical reappraisal demonstrates the staccato and unstructured mode in which patient pick has evolved in England. This has seen Patient-GP relationships move from associational to transactional, alterations in who exercises pick as to secondary attention suppliers from cardinal contrivers to GPs to patients, every bit good increased information to assist people do picks. This historical reappraisal on the development of patient pick in authorities policy has led the writer to pull the undermentioned decision: patient pick is being advanced as a tool to better the NHS through a three pronged onslaught: Improve services through increased competition, Improve patients experience through better client service ( e.g. pick in repasts and in method of accessing attention ) , Improve wellness results for all people through more information taking to better picks. These findings correlate closely, but are non indistinguishable to the findings of Thorlby and Turner ( 2007 ) . Thorlby and Turner identified three chief aims that the authorities has put frontward as grounds for prosecuting increased patient pick which include bettering public presentation, making a service that matches peoples desire for pick and that pick increases equity and equity. These two proposed accounts for the pick docket run into the populace and patients outlooks of the NHS. Indeed studies on people ‘s outlooks of the NHS have noted a demand for increased efficiency, better patient experience and equity in entree to interventions across the state ( Dillon, 2010 ) . However, the cogency of the claims that pick is the reply to all of the NHS ailments has non been genuinely tried and it is deserving observing that the British Social Attitudes study has found strong assurance in the quality and reactivity of the NHS since it started appraising in 1991 ( Appleby and Phillips 2009 ) . Indeed, it is still contested whether patients really want healthcare picks at all ( Fotaki et al. , 2005 ) .Patient pick to better entreeSurveies of patients around the universe systematically identify entree as a cardinal concern of patients ( Grol et al, 1999 ; Davis et Al, 2007 ) . Problems of entree have long plagued the NHS. The NHS Plan asserted that ‘the pop ulace ‘s top concern about the NHS is waiting for intervention ‘ ( NHS Plan, 2000 P 101 ) . Access to healthcare is a cardinal constituent in run intoing the premises made in what patients want, notably high quality attention and in guaranting efficient usage of resources. Choice, as proposed through the right of patients to take where they receive diagnostic and secondary attention, is being promoted as the remedy to entree by leting competition between secondary attention suppliers. It is hoped that this competition, coupled with Payment by Results, will cut down waiting times and supply patients with options as to the clip and topographic point where they receive intervention. The London patient pick pilot survey ( 2005 ) was set up to analyze the consequence of pick at the point of referral. The consequences indicated a strong desire for pick. When patients waiting for cardiac surgery were offered the pick of traveling to another infirmary with a shorter waiting list, half of them opted to make so, sometimes going long distances. Similarly, a high proportion ( 67 % ) of patients in London expecting assorted elected surgical processs opted for options to their local infirmary when given the pick ( Coulter et al, 2005 ) . This survey would propose that patient pick is desirable and popular with patients. It besides achieves the purposes of cut downing waiting times and bettering entree. This sits good with authorities policy from 2005 to 2007, centred on spread outing the capacity in the system ( Cooper et al 2009 ) . However, it must be noted that in recent old ages, there has been a important lessening in waiting times for elected attention across the NHS. Between 1997 and 2007, waiting times for elected articulatio genus replacings, hip replacings, and cataract fixs dropped significantly. These consequences can non be explained by the development of patient pick. It is of import to factor in other events go oning in the NHS at the clip. There was significant additions in NHS support from ?76.4 billion in 2005/6 to ?96.4 billion by 2009, a scope of policy steps implemented including stiff authorities marks, every bit good as increased pick and competition. It can hence be moderately assumed that pick entirely was non responsible for the additions given the figure of reforms aimed at cut downing waiting times introduced between 1997 and 2007 are all likely to hold played a function together in shortening patients ‘ delaies ( Cooper et al 2009 ) . This statement dents the cogency of the claims made that patient pick is desirable, and more crucially desired by patients, on the evidences that it improves entree. What it does non make is confute that patient pick is non desirable to patients. Indeed, recent grounds confirms the feeling that most patients are acute on holding a pick, even if they choose to stay at their local infirmary ( Dixon et al, 2010 ) .Choice to advance equalityAs discussed earlier, the authorities has asserted that it will seek to better equity via the mechanism of patient pick, supplying the option to take to all patients where, antecedently, such options were unfastened merely to those who could afford to pay. Equity is besides one of the premises made as to what patients want when accessing health care. Evaluations of the pilot patient pick strategies ( such as the London Patient Choice Project ) found that entree to pick was just, with no inequalities â€Å" in entree to, or consumption of alternate infirmaries by societal category, educational attainment, income or cultural group ‘ † ( Coulter et al, 2005 ) . This would bespeak that patient pick is desirable for bring forthing equity within the NHS. Equity is after all one of the foundation pillars on which the NHS is built. However, when the pilot programmes were rolled out nationally, two of import differences in design have led to inquiries over whether equity is so happening as a consequence of pick. In the pilots, all patients were eligible for free travel and all were entitled to assist from a patient attention adviser: both were found to be of import facilitators of exerting pick. However, neither is compulsory in the execution of pick at the point of GP referral ( Thorlby and Turner, 2007 ) . A figure of surveies have besides shown that information may non yet be wholly successful in acquiring to patients. PCTs are responsible for doing certain that all patients have an equal chance to take, by supplying information and support to those who might otherwise fight to exert pick. Greener found that patients are frequently incognizant of available information beginnings sing attention picks ( Greener, 2005 ) , and the first patient information brochures offered little more than the handiness of transport links and the trust ‘s overall healthcare committee evaluation ( Easington Primary Care Trust, 2006 ) . In a study of PCTs, Thorlby and Turner ( 2007 ) concluded that while it is excessively early to state whether patient pick will present fairer results for patients, equalizing the chance to take is already turn outing disputing in the NHS. The statement that pick creates equity for patients is hard to confirm. The grounds suggests that direct pick may increase unfairness as it favours patients with entree to information and conveyance and unfairness will be magnified if patients in lower socio-economic groups have lower outlooks and less ability ( existent or perceived ) to cover with the picks available ( Bate and Robert, 2005 ) .ArgumentThere is a argument among bookmans as to where public assistance plans fit in modern, industrialised societies. The â€Å" irreversibility thesis † argues welfare plans have become lasting characteristics because their steady growing produces more and more components who benefit from the plans and strive maintain them in topographic point ( Mishra, 1990 ) . The current economic crisis has highlighted the demand for rationing in health care, as for the first clip in over a decennary ; the NHS is confronting stagnating budgets. The dramatic addition in disbursement on the wellness service, authorities precedence scene and the debut of competition and pick has delivered a figure of benefits but has non solved all the issues confronting the NHS. The underlying demand to ration services in a publically funded system is going more economically and politically ambitious ( Ham and Coulter, 2001 ) . An IPPR study found that most people expect entree to the latest drugs and interventions on the NHS, no affair what they cost or how effectual they are. Less than a 3rd of people think the NHS should take into history value for money considerations. Around one tierce ( 31 per cent ) think the NHS should supply ‘all drugs and interventions no affair what they cost ‘ ( Ranking and Allen, 2007 ) .A This would ruin the NHS really rapidly but reflects the ‘irreversibility thesis ‘ as proposed by Mishra. As this study clearly demonstrates, pick, on the future way of the NHS and its support, would take to a dislocation in rationing. The Oregon Health Plan ( OHP ) is an illustration of where pick in rationing determinations, although ideally desirable, has failed due to political concessionsA and provides no evidenceA for the given that a working system of medical serviceA prioritisation can be implemented on the footing of patient and public pick ( Klein, 1992 ) . True competition enabled through patient pick would ultimetly take to alterations in the local wellness economic system and efficiency additions. This could see the closing of unpopular infirmaries and intervention Centres. However, T.H. Marshall ( 1964 ) argues that public assistance provinces are based on societal rights, and this class of rights has been embraced by western societies with the same energy as civil and political rights. Patient pick can be viewed as the merger of societal rights ( entree to attention ) , consumer rights and civil rights ( single autonomies ) . Therefore, there will be really hard determinations to be made as a consequence of pick. Will neglecting infirmaries receive excess support to better or will they be closed? What if these infirmaries are to a great extent invested in merely to neglect subsequently? Will people object to local infirmary closings and the violation this causes on their societal rights? The political nature of infirmary closings a lready has an impact on local wellnesss economic systems. For case, clear grounds for this exists that demonstrates politically fringy constituency bask a greater figure of infirmaries than politically safe seats ( Bloom et al 2010 ) . Clinicians have besides accussed curates of assuring more than can be delivered and raising peoples outlooks ( Ham and Alberti 2002 ) .DecisionThis paper has demonstrated that patients want good, accessible services near to place, with wellness professionals they know and trust. Patients besides want a grade of flexibleness and pick when accessing health care, but this pick is limited to when, on occasion where ( if waiting times are significantly lower ) and what sort of intervention they would wish to have. This system is non merely good for patients, it is besides good for the wellness service as a whole. The increased capacity that pick allows for patients besides increases efficiency for the wellness service suppliers and pick in intervention lea ds to better wellness results for patients. There are a figure of restricting factors including geographical location and easiness of transit that prevent limitless pick and therefore competition. As all patients expect the intervention they receive on the NHS to be of the highest quality available and available to all ( equity ) , it is surprising to see pick being proposed as anything more than the basic pick described here. It is rather clear from the grounds presented that patients want limited ( suiting ) pick within a good local service. This outlook, possibly unluckily, means that patients can non be involved in existent and limitless pick as rationing determinations are tough and unpopular. It is for this ground, coupled with the predictable consequence that full competition will hold on infirmaries closings, that decision-making is volitionally passed on to elected politicians and civil retainers.

Indicators of Employees Motivation

|[pic] | |List  of  Members | | | |[pic] | |Functions  and  Independence | | | |[pic] | |Industrial  Relations | | | |[pic] | |Staff | | | |[pic] | Complaint  Form | | | |[pic] | |The  Labour  Act  2003,  (ACT  651) | | | |[pic] | |Regulations  of  the  NLC  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  NATIONAL  LABO| |UR  COMMISSION  (NLC) | | | |[pic] | |List  of  Mediators | | | |[pic] | Code  of  Conduct | | | |[pic] | |Inuagural  Address | | | |[pic] | |Picture  Gallery | | | |[pic] | |Annual  Report | | | |[pic] | |List  of  Members | | | |[pic] | |Functions  and  Independence | | |[pic] | |Industrial  Relations | | | |[pic] | |Staff | | | |[pic] | |Complaint  Form | | | |[pic] | |The  Labour  Act  2003,  (ACT  651) | | | |[pic] | Regulations  of  the  NLC  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  NATIONAL  LABO| |UR  COMMISSION  (NLC) | | | |[pic] | |List  of  Mediators | | | |[pic] | |Code  of  Conduct | | | |[pic] | |Inuagural  Address | | | |[pic] | |Picture  Gallery | | | |[pic] | |Annual  Report | | | Top of Form [pic] [pi|[pic] |[pi| |c] |[pic] |c] | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |[pic]November 13, 2011November 09, 2011 | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |Website Design: CON-IMEDIA | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pi c] | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |Website Design: CON-IMEDIA | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |NATIONAL LA BOUR COMMISSION REGULATIONS, 2006 L. I. 1822 | | | |  IN exercise of the powers conferred on the Commission under section 152 of the Labour Act, 2003 (Act 651) these Regulations are made this 1st day of February, 2006. | | | |   | | | |   Negotiation procedures | | | |   | | | |Negotiation in good faith. | | | |1. Parties to an industrial dispute shall negotiate in good faith in the first instance to resolve the dispute in accordance with the dispute settlement procedures established in their respective Collective Agreements or Contracts of Employment. | | | |   | | | |Time for concluding negotiations. | | | |The Negotiation shall be concluded within seven working days after the occurrence of the dispute. | | | |   | | | |3. Records of Negotiation Process. | | | |The parties shall keep written records of the negotiation process and outcome signed by both parties. | | |Where the parties cannot agree to sign a consensus record together, each party may present its own record duly signed. | | | |   | | | |Failure to resolve dispute by Negotiation. | | | |4. If the dispute remains unresolved after seven working days, either party shall refer it to the Commission for the appointment of a mediator. | | | |   | | | |Failure to exhaust procedures in Collective Agreement. | | |Where the Commis sion is satisfied that the parties have not exhausted the procedures established in the Collective Agreement or have not agreed to waive those procedures, the Commission shall order the parties to comply with those procedures within the time as determined by | | | |the Commission. | | | |   | | | |   Mediation procedures | | | |   | | | |Complaint to be in writing. | | | |The Complainant shall submit a written complaint to the Commission or complete Form ‘A’ (Complainant Form) specified in the Schedule to the Regulations and submit it to the Commission. | | |   | | | |Time within which to respond to Complaint. | | | |(1) The Commission shall within three (3) working days serve the other party with a copy of the complaint and request the other party to the dispute to respond to the complaint in writing within fourteen (14) working days of the receipt of the Commission’s request. | | | |(2) Where a party to a dispute fails to respond to the request of the Commission   Ã‚  within the stipulated period of fourteen working days, the Commission shall send a final notice to the party concerned to respond within a further seven working days after which the Commission | | | |shall proceed to determine the case. | | |Choice of Mediator | | | |After receipt of the response in regulation 7, the Commission shall provide both parties the list of mediators for the parties to make a selection of a mediator or mediators. | | | |Appointment of Mediator | | | |The Commission shall appoint the mediator or mediators jointly chosen by the parties to mediate in the dispute. | | | |Failure to agree on choice of mediator | | | |Where the parties to a dispute fail to agree on a choice of mediator the Commission shall, within two (2) working days, appoint a mediator or mediators as the case may be to mediate the dispute. | | |   | | | |Time within which to conclude mediation | | | |The mediation shall be concluded within fourteen days after the date o f appointment of the mediator. | | | |   | | | |Dispute settled through mediation | | | |(1) Where at the end of the mediation there is a settlement of the dispute, the terms of settlement shall be recorded and signed by the mediator and the parties to the dispute. | | |   | | | |(2) A copy of the signed terms of settlement shall be lodged with the  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Commission. | | | |   | | | |Binding Settlement | | | |The settlement referred to in regulation 12 shall be binding on the parties. | | | |   | | | |Duty to cooperate in mediation efforts | | | |The parties to the mediation process shall cooperate in the mediation efforts. | | |   | | | |Failure to settle through mediation | | | |Where there is no settlement at the end of the mediation process the mediator shall immediately declare the dispute as unresolved and refer the dispute to the Commission within three days for Voluntary Arbitration. | | | |Conflict of interest. | | | |A mediator shall disc lose in writing, any interest whatsoever nature in a dispute referred for mediation. | | | |Upon consideration of such interest by the Commission, the mediator may be changed unless the parties to the dispute consent in writing to retain the mediator. | | |   Voluntary arbitration | | | |   | | | |Reference to voluntary arbitration | | | |Where a dispute is referred to the Commission under regulation 15, the Commission shall with the consent of the parties refer the dispute to an arbitrator or an arbitration panel for voluntary arbitration. | | | |   | | | |Failure to agree on choice of arbitrator | | | |Where the parties to a voluntary arbitration fail to agree on the appointment of an arbitrator or an arbitration panel, the Commission shall, within three working days, appoint an arbitrator or arbitration panel. | | | |Disclosure of interest. | | |An arbitrator shall disclose in writing, any interest whatsoever nature the arbitrator may have in a dispute referred for volunt ary arbitration. | | | |Upon consideration of such interest by the Commission, the arbitrator may be changed unless the parties to the dispute consent in writing to waive this option. | | | |Time within which to submit statement of issues or questions in dispute | | | |Within three (3) working days after the appointment of an arbitrator or arbitration panel, the parties to an industrial dispute shall submit to the arbitrator in writing a statement of the issues or questions in dispute signed by one or more of the parties or their | | | |representatives. | | |   | | | |Failure or refusal to sign a statement of issues or questions in a dispute. | | | |Where a party to a dispute fails or refuses to sign a statement as required in regulation 20, the statement may be submitted without that party’s signature. | | | |A statement pursuant to sub-regulation (1) shall state that the other party has failed or refused to sign the statement and the Commission shall authorize the arbitra tor to proceed with the arbitration despite the fact that only one party has signed the statement of the issue. | | | |Failure to appear before an arbitrator | | |If any party fails to appear before the arbitrator or arbitration panel after the expiration of seven (7) working days after being notified, the arbitrator or arbitration panel shall proceed to hear and determine the dispute. | | | |   | | | |Time within which to conclude voluntary arbitration | | | |The voluntary arbitration process shall be concluded within fourteen (14) working days from the date of appointment of the arbitrator or arbitration panel or within the extra time determined by the Commission. | | |   | | | |Voluntary Arbitration award binding | | | |The decision of the arbitrator or a majority of the arbitrators shall be binding on all the parties. | | | |Arbitration award to be communicated | | | |   | | | |The arbitrator or arbitration panel shall within seven working days of the last sitting make a n award and communicate the award to the parties and the Commission within seventy-two hours. | | |   Compulsory arbitration | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compulsory arbitration by the Commission | | | |If a dispute remains unresolved within seven (7) working days after the commencement of a strike or lock out, the dispute shall be settled by compulsory arbitration by the Commission. | | | |   | | | |Content of notice to be served by the Commission | | | |27 (1) Where a dispute is referred to the Commission under Clause 26, the Commission shall serve a notice on the parties; | | | |   | | | |(a)   stating what in its opinion the unresolved issues are between the parties and | | | |   | | | |(b)   asking the parties whether they agree to those issues | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (2)   the parties shall respond within three (3) working days. | | | |   | | | |Composition of Compulsory Arbitration Panel | | | |28. A compulsory arbitration shall comprise three members of the Commission, one member each representing Government, Organized Labour and Employers Organization. | | | |   | | | |Time within which to conclude compulsory arbitration | | | |The compulsory arbitration process shall be concluded within fourteen (14) working days after service of the notice in regulation 27. | | | |   | | | |Compulsory Arbitration Award binding | | | |The award of the majority of the arbitrators in a compulsory arbitration shall be binding on the parties. | | |   | | | |Publication of compulsory arbitration award in Gazette | | | |A compulsory arbitration award shall immediately on completion, be published in the Gazette and other state media by the Commission and copies shall be given to the parties to the dispute. | | | |   | | | |Appeals against compulsory arbitration award | | | |Appeals against a compulsory arbitration award shall lie to the Court of Appeal on questions of law only within seven (7) working days after the publication of the award under regulation 31. | | |   | | | |Summary settlement of dispute by the Commission. | | | |(1). After the receipt of a complaint in accordance with regulation 6 and a response to the complaint in accordance with Clause 7, the Commission may, after giving the parties to the dispute the right to be heard, settle the dispute summarily without recourse to mediation or | | | |arbitration. | | | |   | | | |(2). Where a party to a dispute fails to respond to a complaint in accordance with regulation 7, the Commission may determine the complaint without recourse to that party and the decision of the Commission shall be binding on the parties to the dispute. | | |   | | | |(3)   The Commission may re-open a dispute which has been determined under sub-regulation (2) if a party to the dispute on application within fourteen working days after the determination of the case provides reasonable explanation for the failure to respond to the complaint. | | | |Procedures for resolving disputes from essential services | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dispute Resolution in Essential Services | | | |Parties to an industrial dispute in essential services shall endeavour to settle the dispute within three (3) days after the occurrence of the dispute by negotiation. | | |   | | | |Referral to the Commission after failure to resolve dispute | | | |If the dispute remains unresolved after the expiration of the three (3) days referred to in regulation 34, the parties shall within the next working day refer the dispute to the Commission for settlement by compulsory arbitration. | | | |   | | | |Compulsory arbitration by the Commission | | | |The Commission shall, not later than three (3) working days after the dispute has been referred to it, constitute a compulsory arbitration panel to settle the dispute by compulsory arbitration within fourteen working days. | | |   Strikes and lockout procedures | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Notice of intention to strike or lockout | | | |Where | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (a) the parties fail to agree to refer a dispute for voluntary arbitration, or   | | | |(b) a dispute remains unresolved at the end of the arbitration proceedings, either party intending to take a strike action or lockout, shall give written notice of the intended action to the other party and the Commission shall, within seven (7) working days after the failure | | | |of the parties to agree to refer the dispute to another arbitration, terminate the arbitration proceedings. | | |   | | | |Time within which strike or lockout action can be undertaken | | | |Strike action or lockout may be undertaken after the expiration of seven (7) working days from the date of the notice referred to in regulation 37 and not at anytime before the expiration of that period. | | | |  Effective date of notice of strike or lockout | | | |The sev en (7) working days referred in regulation 38 shall begin to run from the date of receipt of the notice by the Commission. | | |   | | | |Prohibition of strike or lockout in respect of essential services | | | |  An employer carrying on, or a worker engaged in an essential service shall not resort to a lockout or strike in connection with or in furtherance of an industrial dispute in which workers in the essential service are involved. | | | |   | | | |Cooling-off period | | | |A party to an industrial dispute shall not resort to a strike or lockout during the period when negotiation, mediation or arbitration proceedings are in progress. | | |   | | | |Procedures for maintaining a database of mediators and arbitrators and fees | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   List of mediators and arbitrators | | | |The Commission shall maintain a list of industrial relations mediators or arbitrators who meet the criteria of the Commission. | | | |   | | | |Application to be li sted as mediator or arbitrator | | | |  A person who seeks to be listed as a mediator or arbitrator shall complete and submit an application form which may be obtained from the Commission. | | |   | | | |Mediators and Arbitrators not employees of Commission | | | |A person appointed as mediator or arbitrator of the Commission does not become employee of the Commission. | | | | | | | |Disqualified mediator or arbitrator | | | |A person appointed as a mediator or arbitrator is not qualified to serve in that capacity if the person has a financial or other interest in the undertaking or employers’ or workers’ organization involved in the dispute, unless the parties to the dispute agree to the | | | |appointment in writing despite the disclosure of the interest. | | |   | | | |Removal from the list of mediators and arbitrators | | | |A person   listed as a mediator or arbitrator may be removed from the list by the Commission on the grounds that the person; | | | |   | | | |(a)  Ã‚  Ã‚     no longer satisfies the criteria for admission | | | |   | | | |(b)   has been repeatedly or flagrantly delinquent in submitting reports to the Commission | | | |   | | | |(c)  Ã‚  Ã‚   has refused to make reasonable and periodic reports in a timely manner to the Commission concerning activities relating to mediation or arbitration. | | |   | | | |(d)   has been the subject of complaints by parties who use the services of the Commission after appropriate enquiry has established a just cause for cancellation, or | | | |   | | | |(e)  Ã‚  Ã‚   has died | | | |   | | | |Notice for removal of mediators and arbitrators | | |A mediator or arbitrator listed on the database may only be removed after thirty days notice. | | | |   | | | |Voluntary withdrawal from list of mediators or arbitrators. | | | |A person listed as a mediator and or arbitrator by the Commission may withdraw from the list at any time by giving the Commission thi rty (30) days notice in writing. | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  49. Mediation and voluntary arbitration fees | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚     Fees shall be in conformity with Government Consultancy rates obtained  from  the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning. | | |   | | | |   | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   | | | |SCHEDULE | | | |(Regulation 6) | | | |NATIONAL LABOUR COMMISSION | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   COMPLAINT FORM A | | | |Complainant: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Respondent: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Address: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Contact No. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Contact No. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |  Date: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20†¦.. | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   COMPLAINT | | | |  Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Relief Sought†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | | |Signed: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  COMPLAINANT | | | |  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  JOSEPH A. ARYITEY | | | Chairperson, National Labour Commission | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |Date of Gazette notification: 17th March, 2006 | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |more†¦ | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |   | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Subscribe to our Newsletter | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |Name: | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |E-mail: | | | |[pic] | | | | | | |   | | | |[pic]unsubscribe | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |   | | | |   | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |   | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |News & Events | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | |20/10/2009 | | | | | | | |ARBITRATION AWARD | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |01/10/2009 | | | | | | | |ANNUAL REPORT – 2006 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ more | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |29/09/2009 | | | | | | | |ANNUAL REPORT – 2007 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |29/09/2009 | | | | | | | |ANNUAL REPORT 2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |13/10/2008 | | | | | | | |ARBITRATION AWARD – SGS LAB SERVICES GHANA LIMITED VRS MINEWORKERS UNION | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |15/04/2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |20/02/2008 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |†¦ ore | | | | | | | |[pic] | | | | | | | |20/02/2008

PTLLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

PTLLS - Essay Example ing process takes place in an attempt to modify the teaching and learning events so as to elavate the students attainment(FRANCIS, & GOULD, 2013, 563). c) Summative assessment. Can also be referred to as summative evaluation, it do refer to assessment of learning that do summarizes developments of a learner specific period of time (FRANCIS, & GOULD, 2013, 563). a) Initial assessment. Some of the examples of the learners initial assessment are like application of a range of initial assessment methods, enabling the tutor to capture the learner’s beginning point The language teacher asking the students to select the appropriate thesis statement in a selection, should the student select the appropriate one he or she goes on, and if she answers wrongly then he or she has to review his or her work on the thesis statements (WILSON, 2008, 89). c) Summative assessment. An example of a summative assessment is where after some period of work, like after around two weeks, learner do sit for the test and his or her teacher marks their test and the rewards various scores. This test is aimed at summarizing the learning to that point (WILSON, 2008, 89). Individual learning Plan, this is where a student specific program or learning strategy which indiscriminately considers the students weakness and strengths, though distance education has been founded on the premises that every student ought to get the same attention, that is the democratic principal, and then be exposed to a similar curriculum, and get reviewed on a similar pattern that is One Size do Fits All. ILP do assumes that each individual students needs are very different and therefore should be addressed very differently (WILSON, 2009, 87). Peer assessment feedback, is very easier than one assessing his or her own work, to start with, this is where the learner reads and comments of the work of others, therefore the students should be encouraged to get informal feedbacks from their fellow learners Peer and

Review of a journal article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Review of a journal - Article Example The researchers determined occupational exposure’s frequency as well as the characteristics associated with this exposure. The electronic health record (EHR) was reviewed to determine the frequency of potential missed exposures. The EHR data revealed the cases of laboratory-confirmed pertussis that were not included in the records of OH or IPC. The researchers found 1193 confirmed cases of HCW’s exposure to pertussis linked with a total of 219 index cases in the course of the period of study. 38.8 per cent of these cases were infants up to 6 months of age whereas 7 cases were of HCWs. 77.5 per cent of the exposures had taken place in an ambulatory site or the emergency department whereas 27.0 per cent of the exposures had taken place after the IPC precautions had been initiated in documents. The researchers’ EHR review led to the discovery of 450 cases of pertussis confirmed in the laboratory of which 49.8 per cent had taken place without any IPC or OH investigat ion. Most of the cases that had not been investigated belonged to the ambulatory sites. The conclusions that can be drawn from this research are that occupational exposure to pertussis is something that takes place in the pediatric health care settings quite frequently in spite of the appropriate guidelines provided by IPC. Consistent and effective implementation of the practices suggested by IPC imparts a need for interventions and timely reporting of the cases of pertussis index so that exposure of the HCWs to pertussis and the infection’s transmission to patients can be prevented. This cross-sectional study was based on a retrospective review of the records of IPCD and OHD in which the data was retrieved from a large quaternary pediatric care network. A strength of the research is that the researchers identified all investigated cases of exposure of the HCWs to

Discuss San Antonio budget 2012 - the Redirect 17 Police Officers to Case Study

Discuss San Antonio budget 2012 - the Redirect 17 Police Officers to Neighborhood Patrol - Case Study Example Other significant city priorities include human services and neighborhood code enforcement. With rigid budgets stretching the San Antonio police force, the city has set aside money to redirect police officers to neighborhood patrol. Crime watch programs, which have been in existence for years, have been boosted by the increased number of law enforcement officers to help fight crime in communities and empower residents. The 17 newly redirected police officers will operate in partnership with the neighborhood patrol, which uses volunteers and other groups of civilians as a second set of eyes and street level resource. The 2012 budget, therefore, provides an opportunity for the residents of the city to achieve both community and individual prosperity by ensuring they are safe and free from harm. The city of San Antonio develops a balanced budget, each year, by covering only those expenditures with revenue for which the city has authority to levy. The efficiencies achieved from this fiscal budget allow the city to invest additional funds in various services meant to address the challenges facing the growing city. This way the city can allocate more funds to services like policing, come the next budgeting year. The funds allocated to city services and priorities in the 2012 budget are primarily supported by $289 million from City Public Service Energy payments, $199 million from local sales tax returns and $239 million from property tax revenue. 23% of the budget is financed by other sources. The main spending area is the police services which is allocated resources that amount to approximately $343 million. The amount includes expenditures such as contractual services, personal services, self insurance, commodities, capital outlay and transfers. Out of the 2,375 uniform positions, 67 are funded by the grant fund while 2,308 by the general fund. The grant fund also finances 12 of the civilian

Healthcare Availability in the United States Essay

Healthcare Availability in the United States - Essay Example In the United States, there are three major types of healthcare insurances available to people which include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO), Point-Of-Service Plans (POS), and Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO). HMO is a prepaid healthcare insurance plan in which a person just needs to pay a monthly premium to get a number of healthcare benefits. Some of the main benefits include emergency healthcare, laboratory tests, therapies, and free doctor visits. POS is an indemnity-type healthcare option for people in which they can go to doctors who are actually not in the network of doctors of the insurance plan. Patients can get health coverage even when they are referring to the doctors outside the plan. However, they need to pay coinsurance in such cases. Under this type of health coverage, a person does not need to pay monthly premium to get health benefits. Rather, he/she needs to show PPO card to the authorities to get the benefits in return of a small payment. In a PPO plan, a person can go to the doctors outside of the network but needs to pay a large portion of the total payment

Investigation of evidence of the spread of the U.S. financial crisis Dissertation

Investigation of evidence of the spread of the U.S. financial crisis and contagion to Europe, with focus on the UK - Dissertation Example In this day and age of multinational businesses and unified regional and international financial systems, financial and economic crises have become particularly widespread, severe, and sudden, instantaneously crossing borders through the international banks that are invested in countries initially embroiled in the crisis. The weakening of the banks in other countries as a result of the contagion speeds up the spread of the crisis into other economies. While it is true that globalization is inevitable, it remains to be determined whether or not regulatory frameworks and infrastructures would be sufficient to arrest the spread of potential financial crises that attend globalization. This study will examine the most recent U.S. financial crisis, how it developed and spread to other Western countries, how the U.S. appears to have recovered while European countries Greece, Italy, Cyprus and Spain still reel under the effects thereof, and the possibility that the European crisis will eithe r be resolved or if it shall spread backwards towards the U.S. and other countries (Businessweek, 2012; Forbes, 2012). . 1.2 Purpose of the study The study deals with the contagion that had taken place due to the financial crisis of 2008. The contagion refers to the negative effects on the financial markets that spread from the US markets to other countries of the world, as a result of market linkages. The focus of the discussion is the empirical evidence of the spread of the contagion from its point of origin in the United States to the economy of the United Kingdom and the European Union. Evidence of the contagion is also sought in the Australian economy, to determine if the contagion has spread to another country outside of the US-Europe paradigm. The study dwells exclusively on the stock indices of the US, the UK, the European Union, and Australia, and searches for evidence of the contagion within the capital markets. 1.3 Research questions In order to attain the goal specified for this dissertation, the following research question shall be resolved: 1.3.1 Is there evidence of contagion in the stock markets between the US and the UK? 1.3.2 Is there evidence of contagion in the stock markets between the US and the EU? 1.3.3 Are there discernible contagion effects between the UK and EU stock markets? 1.3.4 Are there contagion effects between Australia the one hand, and the US, the UK and the European stock markets on the other hand? The findings that were generated by the answers to the foregoing questions are expected to shed light on the main research problem and lead to a valid and acceptable conclusion. 1.4 Significance of the study The study is significant because of the persistent nature of financial crises and the phenomenon of financial contagion. Since globalization, financial crises and contagion have become repetitive, continuing, and constantly evolving. The last great crisis in the US was the Great Depression ushered in by the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The effects of this crisis was largely contained within the US since national economies then were relatively isolated except for international trade, and the speed and volume with which transactions were carried out was slow and low enough to keep the economies sufficiently separated as to prevent any contagion from taking place. The next significant crisis took place four decades later, in the 1973

Data to Information Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data to Information Critique - Essay Example The author has however stated that the policies were meant to promote homeownership but failed to benefit the majority medium and low income earners. Finally, the article has stated factors the author has addressed in the entire article. In Davis (2012, p.2), the author has stated the price index of houses since 1975 through the year 2011. However, values indicate that since the year 2000 to 2008, the prices of the house have been escalating tremendously. This contradicts the data in page on homeownership rate. This date indicates that between the year 2000 and the 2010, the rate of homeownership remained higher than the previous years in which the price indices were a bit lower. One of the policies introduced was deductibility of mortgage interest from income for tax purposes. The author has argued that this policy did not benefit the low income earners but instead it benefited the higher income earners (Davis, 2012). This could be the reason why the homeownership has remained still remained high even when the price indices of houses were still high. This is in line with the author’s view that the policies did not favor the low income earners. The author has also elaborated the other policy as that which aimed at reducing the cost of mortgages agencies. The author has stated that the policies on homeownership have resulted to a high cost on the US economy to the tune of $2.5 trillion net present value (Davis, 2012). This figure has not been supported by the author working ad there is information about the discounting factor or any other method the author used to arrive at such a figure. Going by t he authors view about the extra burden caused by the policies, then it is crystal clear that the policies introduced by the federal government were more of a burden to the citizens that a relief. The author has argued that the rate of homeownership has remained unchanged for the last forty years despite the

Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie Essay Example for Free

Stereotype and Prejudice Marjorie Essay Abstract Our discussion is about how does society confirm prejudicial attitudes? How does ones social identity contribute to prejudice? How do emotions encourage prejudicial attitudes? What cognitive processes influence prejudice? Our text has explained competition; competition is an important source of frustration that can fuel prejudice. When two groups compete for jobs, housing, or social prestige, one group’s goal fulfillment can become the other group’s frustration. Prejudice Society confirms prejudice by what you possess and how much money you have. If you are not in a certain bracket such as (high class or middle class), you are considered poor. Prejudice helps justify the economic and social superiority of those who have wealth and power. Of course they will not give a chance at credit to buy a house, car, or start a business. Society, also confirm prejudice by the way you dress or the car you drive. Society confirms prejudicial attitude by focusing on personal individuality and Independence, as opposed to becoming a team with neighbors and friends. I am so glad that God looks at the heart and man looks at the outer appearance. Ones social identity contributes base on a realization of limited environmental control. The more you believe that you can impact your environment or social status, the less roll social identity plays Emotions really affect prejudicial attitudes because most of the time people make decisions based on their emotions. Emotions of fear and sadness or joy and gladness, which can cause you to project feelings in a hurtful way, rather than in a helpful manner Cognitive process influence prejudice through stereotyping, which cause prejudice. This can be a result of the normal ways in which we simplify and organize the world. Stereotypes are the social scripts we have in our heads about others and the roles we believe they should play in our socially constructed world. It is important to have the understanding of the basic concepts of prejudice and racism, and how to lessen their destructive effect (Rosado, 1995-2012). Reference Rosado, C. (1995-2012). Critical Multicultral Pavilion Research Room. Retrieved from http://www. edchange,org/multicultral/papers/caleb/racism. html.

Bible 105 Essay Example for Free

Bible 105 Essay Proverbs poetically presents Hebrew teachings on the topics of wealth, marriage, family, self-control, and relationships. It distinctly outlines the differences between wisdom and folly as well as diligence and laziness. Wisdom and diligence will bless your life and the lives of those you touch, while laziness and folly bring nothing but failure and heartache to everyone involved. Hebrew wisdom literature provides sound advice in our daily walk with Christ. â€Å"The fear of the Lord is the beginning of knowledge, but fools despise wisdom and instruction†. Proverbs 1:7) The foundation of knowledge and wisdom is to fear the Lord. As a Christian, knowledge and wisdom are what we seek in our relationship with Christ. To despise these would mean that we don’t want a relationship with Him, and we would continue to walk in the ways of the world. Solomon’s wise sayings give fair warning about what it means to be wise in learning, and the consequences of rejecting God’s commands. â€Å"The wise in heart will receive commands, but a prating fool will fall†. Proverbs 10:8) Our hearts need to be diligent in making godly decisions so that God can continue to work in and through us. By choosing to hear God’s commands and following through with carrying them out day to day, we are preparing for our home in heaven. No one sets out to fail in life but when we are not open to applying the Word of God in all aspects of life then we will surely fall. â€Å"The crown of the wise is their riches, but the foolishness of fools is folly†. (Proverbs 14:24) The only reward for the fool is more folly which will result in total destruction. Foolishness may seem fun at the time, but before you know it your marriage has fallen apart, your family is gone, and you no longer have self-control over your actions. In order for our character to point to Christ, we must first have a heart that listens to His commands, actions that follow through with the commands, and by doing these others will witness Christ in us. â€Å"Commit your works to the Lord, and your thoughts will be established†. (Proverbs 16:3) Submission to the will of God fulfills your righteous plans. This will give evidence to those around you that you are walking with God. It’s a testimony to your wife and family that you are committed to being a spiritual leader which points them to the will of God. A fool’s life is characterized by pleasure. The problem occurs when we no longer find pleasure in God, but find it solely in one’s own resources. â€Å"The heart of the wise is in the house of mourning, while the heart of fools is in the house of pleasure†. (Ecclesiastes 7:4) Solomon reminds us to think clearly about death. In doing so it allows us time to examine the direction of our life and time to confess our sins, and find forgiveness from God. Eventually we all die and it makes sense to plan ahead which will allow us to experience God’s mercy rather than spending eternity separated from Him. The wise is honored and their soul is redeemed while the foolish is destroyed. â€Å"Notice the way God does things, then fall into line. Don’t fight the ways of God, for who can straighten out what he has made crooked†. Ecclesiastes 7:13) God is sovereign and controls all of creation. Our destiny is in His hands, and only doing things His way leads to wisdom and knowledge. One of my favorites is from Proverbs 3. â€Å"Trust in the Lord with all your heart, and lean not on your own understanding, in all your ways acknowledge Him, and He shall direct your paths†. (Proverbs 3: 5-6) Trusting in God means to let go and give Him full control over your life. He knows the plans He has for you and by submitting to Him those plans can be fulfilled. Don’t try to be wise in your own eyes, but be willing to listen to God and make Him a vital part of everything you do. Let Him guide you because you are working to accomplish His purposes. The book of Proverbs has much to teach Christians today. Its wisdom will help us to avoid trouble and honor God in all we say and do. We don’t want to be the fool that ignores God. He wants His people to be wise, it shows that we seek to know and love God above all else. God views our success as having a good reputation, moral character, and the spiritual diligence to obey Him.

The Leadership Of Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan History Essay

The Leadership Of Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan History Essay Introduction During history there were many bright models of leadership that can be considered and analyzed to represent the successful leadership. Years ago United Arab Emirates has born many successful leaders such as Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan. This report will identify who was Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan and why I chose him as a successful leader. After that report will crucially analysis and evaluate his leadership and will shed some light to his leadership style. Report also will discuss the characters to rule his country. Finally report will go through his weaknesses and draw the conclusion. Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan (1918 2004) Profile According to Mitera (2007) Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nhahyan was born in Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1918. Shakh Sayed was the grandson of a ruler who contributes to establish of the AL Nhyan family in Abu Dhabi Sheikh Said Bin Halifax AL Nahyan. He becomes ruler of Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1966 after the waiver of his eldest brother Shakh Shakhabot to him in 1966. Then in 1971 he elected as Unite Arab Emirates president. When he was child, Shakh Zayed studied the holy Koran, portray, some basic Arabic language and Islam roles because that time only this kind of education was available. Shakh Zayed had marry 8 wifes during his life (according to Islam rules a man allow to marry 4 wife only but in this case because of some of them where died) he left In addition to his wifes 19 boys when he pass away In 2004. Why Shakh Zayed not other? Im concern in reading history, sharply history of Gulf country; during my reading a good example of leader take my attention Shakh Zayed who was the greatest ruler of United Arab Emirates in the Arab history. Shakh Said had made UAE a stronger, wealthier and grater state, he had given his country a new poison in international relation and final achievement which make hem the grater leader during Arab history. He had successfully combined seven Emirates in one country named United Arab Emirates. The age of Shakh Zayed the grandson of the one of creator of the AL Nhayan family in the Emirates, is considered one of the most successful eras that UAE saw in the 20th century, if not the most successful ever, even with the many difficulties he faced while building the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the UAE as well over years of ruling. Historians considered that the personality of Shakh Said was definitely one of the main personalities of the AL Nahyan family, who played a crucial role in the Emi rates history and the Gulf. During Arab history Shakh Zayed can be considered as one of the most important number in modern and contemporary for the following reasons: He is successfully combined 7 emirates in on country named United Arab Emirates. The respect that he commanded from rulers of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the USA. He apply diplomacy rather than military force within a very delicate balance to achieve his goals to maintain the independence of UAE Island (Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs) when Iran occupied it. His policy was based on sensible diplomatic skill that made UAE one of the important Arab countries ever during his rule. His ancestry where unlimited. He donated to many countries in Asia and Africa like ( Palestine, Lebanon, Kosovo and may others ) He changes UAE from place of desert to green paradise. His confidence in protection of the environment due nothing to modern fashions. Analyzing the leadership of Shakh Zayed Leaders are group of people with extraordinary features they are able to shape events and change the circumstances. According to these words our leader has an inherited leadership. Huczynski Buchanan (2007) has stated that there are number of leadership theories such as trait theory: Trait theory: believe on a leader is born not made (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Our leader has ascribed to his grandfather Shakh Zayed Bin Halifax who was one of who state of AL Nahyan family who had rolled Emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1855 to 1909, (Macmillan, 1997) and from his father Shakh Sultan Bin Zayed how also ruled Abu Dhabi from 1918 to 1926 (Macamillan, 1997). Consequently, to gain experience Shakh Zayed appointed in 1946 as a ruler of AL Ain Town (Tamam, 1971). The traits theory focused on initiative, intelligence, good health, confidence, control, ect. However the theory shape that people having these traits do not necessarily doing good leadership. (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Doing an assessment to the life story of any the Leader we should refer to the time he was living and situation of his beginning. When Shakh Zayed father pass away he was at the a go of ten years and it was difficult to ruled but later he was un happy with the ruling way of his brother Shakhbut, how ruled Abu Dhabi from 1928 to 1966, and didnt made any changed to his peoples, (poor and hunger remained same). Where he can be a slayer but he preferred to maintain life and authority. He understood that leadership skills can be erudite developed and enhanced; this man can develop into a leader in the group by reaching his goals. Posts linked with the select of target and find ways to reach the objective. In 1966 and according to Mitera (2007) the time of grandson of the ruling AL Nahyan was starting in Abu Dhabi to bring the brighter time that Abu Dhabi expected during the 20th century. According to the historian Shakh Zayed was one of the most famous facts in his family that ruled, he played major role in Abu Dhabi, UAE, Gulf, Arab and the word. Has an active ruling not nominal, Shakh Zayed discovered that his predecessors had on Abu Dhabi, kind of sovereignty ambiguous, his prescience was able him to make real sovereignty by combining those struggle emirates in one joined and powerful county that Arab saw. Traits theory according to Huczynaki Buschanan (2007) has number of personal traits such as confidence, intelligence and control. Shakh Zayed success combines a leader as this theory, on this aspect the successful leader is able to combine conventional characters and skills gained in the leadership and inborn from his father and grandfather as well. Also he verifies that as a leader, he is able to expand the feature and add experience. Mitera (2007) has describe Shakh Zayed as modest leader because of his attractive personality which attracted hem and raise respect, loyalty and bring citizens satisfaction. When he passes away President George W. Bush describe him He was a great leader, a statesman (Gulf News). According to Stewart Crawford British Resident, Bahrain from (1968 1968), Shakh Zayed was handsome man, moderate, strength, love portray and hunting, has good character, debonair and of abroad vision. (Mitera, 2007). Shakh Zayed has combing character and minimalist mixed in his actions as the situation, compassion, tolerance, an acumen, cruelly, firmness, violence and revenge. This characterized make him loved and frightens at the same time, many and varied aspect of his personality. His effected behaviors during his Golding period which more than 85 years moved into his property in Emirates made him believed that the leader can be affect by a group of his subordinates and he focuses on it. In the last days of his rule he preferred justice as much as possible in Emirates so that can oversee his country very well, this also delivered his relationship with the Emirates tribes leaders and kings of others countries. This can be finding it clear in when he sign board agreement with his neighbors. Shakh Zayed has create comfort for this followers in working environment, he was interesting on satisfying their need by giving them opportunity to participate and indecision making also he provides him with procedures and clear expectation. In the other hand he set to satisfy their subordinates goals, helping them to develop their confidence and reassure them their leader. Historian like Mitera (2007) has described Shakh Zayed simplicity by a person how wearing simple cloths, sit-down with his people hearing them, dance with them which it was difficult to distinguish between him and any other citizen. According to Arthir Lamb, British Residency who had the opportunity to meet Shakh Sayed Said, the good example of reverence and pity, simple and modest and he was far from the dominance, egotism and estrangement. Walfar Tesgar or as they called him in Arabic Mubarak Bin London has described hem in his book Sand in Arabian Island Zayed a strong man in his thirtieth of age, clever, simple and quiet (Tamam,1981). He went by himself to congratulate his people in marriage parties and gives consolation on death. To maintain his Emirates, Shakh Zayed had been able to enhance his internal relationship as will to manage his international relationship with some Arabian and European countries likes Brittan, KSA and Oman. In 1971 according to (Gulf News) when Britain left the gulf he sign friendship agreement with them representing his country and Sir Geoffry Arthur represent Britain. He was completed by circumstances to reach to sign border agreement with Oman, (Asharq Alawasat News Paper, 2002), to developed friendly relationship with neighbor. In addition to that his extensive agreement exchange with KSA. By achieving this goal, Shakh Zayed has distanced his country from connecting in such international problems. Shakh Zayed had expanded this country economy to step where UAE was getting many of its impotents from word economy. This policy was based on his realistic diplomatic skill that made UAE one of the most important country and this can be find it clear from what Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi said the late president succeeded with outstanding leadership in the social and economic development of the country. (Gulf News). A leader find a way to change, Shakh Zayed eventually change his country from desert without any kind of life to green oasis surrounded the threes and water from everywhere he said a drop of water in the desert equals a beating pulse.(Gulf News). After the successful transition from unknown country to a source of political, social, economical in Arab word. As leader to his follower he has well-known the desert very well, this makes him will Known as Shakh of Desert(Miatra, 2004). He said I believe one who does not know his past will not understand the present, nor will he be able to prepare the future.(gulf News). To build up his relationships with some influential country like Britain and France he attends international conference about offshore oil. Most historians have praised the wise leadership in the leadership of his country. A leader how concern about his citizens and after that journey he remember later how impressed he had been by the level of education and medicals that these country retch, becoming strong-minded that his citizens should have the same benefit from that facilities he said the asset of any advanced nation is its people, especially the educated ones, and the prosperity and success of the people are measured by the standard of their education.(Gulf News). benefiting from hate of conspiracies, Shakh Zayed steady his cabinet of UAE to make him able to maintain the independence of his country balance of using diplomacy over military force in order to reach its objectives. Effectively he coordinates between the parties in his country to guide their work to wand to achieve the goals and promote the highest level of performance effectiveness. According to Mitera (2007) Zayed has overcome the obstacles and personal conflicts between the royals of Emirates which required from him permanent contact with the constantly reminded the motivation for cooperation which create a team spirit integrated united goals and aspirations. Shakh Zayed was a dealer who has not have that large of military force, only his survival in power was to receive the consent of people and leader. He has taken a new approach in giving the mandate more power of authorities from occupied force. As prince rather than money collector he tried to improved his citizens income and this can be find it clear from what he said the money has no valve if not used to serve the citizen (Mitira, 2007) so he involve in distribute some of country income to his populations like Marry Fund aimed to help youth to reduce marry expenses. A man who harmonized with nature. This achieves him to focus on conservation of nature and environment which become one of key elements of government policy. This has approved by the massive programme of planting 150 million trees. Shakh Zayed Leadership Style Huczynski Buchunan (2007) has divided the leadership style into three types: Autocratic style, (where a leader compact the authority), Democratic style, (a leader in valves followers in decision making, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, given a authority and take feed back to control followers), Fair style, (giving follower kind of freedom to make decision and to decide on their work). As required by the state and politics that time, Shakh Zayed might be collecting Democratic style, because he inclined more approach democracy in the meeting with seven emirates rulers and advisers, he also open this door to see the public. He didnt decline any citizens want to meet him individually. The citizens consider him as a father rather than a ruler. He used to received people by kindness and listen to their complaints (www.uae.org.br/_PDF/zayed.pdf), he was effective solving-problems and effectively decision making spicily when crises acquired in the country, he was not hesitate to move quickly to solve any problem happen. According to Tamam (1981) Shakh Zayed was smiley leader he uses to receive his people in smiley face, on other hand he was astringent in dealing with things that effect equity which makes his family and followers afraid from hem. As far as we knew that UAE become wider this expands need responsibility and control. Aiming that Shakh Zayed has utilized his subordinates to achieve his style, so he authorized governors appointed by administration areas. When he left the country for some circumstances and as sort of encouragement to his pray minister he delegate hem to administrate the government of UAE and his brother Halifax to responsible Abu Dhabi. The charismatic Of Shakh Zayed The power settled to the leaders and varies in contact and reach spread sources of leadership. Leader need to have skills based on his behavior and characters. Successful leader need to have some skills to insure the success of its function. Leader likes working: A man in nature is lazy, but this not in shape our leader how was starting his day early morning driving his car by himself avoiding any corteges to see a project her and there, in many times when he return back home he stopped to lesion his peoples problems this was to gave his follower a good example of loving work to achieve their responsibilities. Dominated by followers who are wishing to work, he retained the eminent personalities to choose advisers and ministers who assist referees in the carry out of the country (Tamam, 1981). A leader who discover and train leaders: as a trainer, supervised by hem he trained the possible of each subordinates member this find interest and self-belief use to help him to carry out his duties. According to Tamam (1981) Shakh Zayed preferred choosing a powerful and strong leader to manage the please after that he gives them enough authorities and opportunities to build up themselves using their experiences and learn from their mistakes. Organizing responsibilities: Shakh Zayed distribute the responsibilities between his subordinates as aspiration, competencies, capabilities and expertise to be able to rule his country Tamam (1981) and leader suspended direct efforts to reach the goals. Dealing with problems: maybe some negative problems that might happen in the country but he has his own ethics to quell the problems, he expects the troubles before it occurred so he do not have to put down after it rise. Observation: Shakh Zayed beloved that one of the most important leader duty to observe his followers. This makes his duty easy for giving orders to supervise the implementation. Cooperation with other leaders: Shakh Zayed ties with GCC Leaders who was marked by reserved mutual respect and because of this respect he was successful lead the first meeting of GCC Conceal in Abu Dhabi. All leaders were in confrontation with who to develop their countries. His Weaknesses: So far and as a leader who has that grate of loved by this citizen and respect from word leaders I cant find any weaknesses but if we considered that number of boys that he left it might they fight for power. Conclusion It is helpful to end this report by saying that, Shakh Zayed was great, smart and successful leader has high ethics, sample and loved by his people. During his ruling period, Abu Dhabi and United Arab Emirates combined, grown and developed. Guided by the wisdom foresight of its president. The result has been the creation of modern state with high infrastructure as well as heath an education. References Asharq Alawasat News Paper, 23 June 2002 issue No.8608 Burke, W., Litwin, G. (1992). A causal model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18(3), 523-545. Goleman, d. and Boyatzis, R. (Sep. 2008) Intelligence and Biology of Leadership, Harvard Business Review, 74 78. Grint, K. (April 2008). Leadership, task and relationship. Human Resource Management Journal, 18, 188 195 Gulf News, Wednesday, November 3, 2004. Sheikh Zayed Passes away House, R. J., Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership. Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23, 409-473. http:// www.uae.org.br/_PDF/zayed.pdf date of access 24/02/2010 Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. (2007). Organizational Behavior. 6th edition. London: Prentice Hall Kotter, J. P. (1990). A forceful change: How leadership differs from Management. New York: Free Press. Macmillan.J, (1997).United Arab Emirates Year Book 1997. London: Trident Press Ltd. Mitera. J (2007). Zayed From Challenge To Union (Arabic Copy), Center for Documentation Research Abu Dhabi, UAE Posner, Kouzes, (2003). The Leadership challenge. Third edition Tamam. H (1981). Zayed Bin Sultan Leader and Demonstration (Arabic Copy).2nd edition. Tokyo. Die Neebon Press Ltd.

Sufism Essay -- essays research papers

Sufism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sufism, otherwise known as Islamic Mysticism, is a branch of Islam. It deals with special powers that are contained in the Qur'an. It is a more philosophical approach, where a person tries to become one with nature, and feel the power of God. The term mysticism can be defined as the consciousness of the One Reality -- be it called Wisdom, Light, Love or Nothing. (Shcimmel 23)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A Sufi tries to unite his will with God's will. They try to isolate themselves, so they can fear and become close to God. By isolating themselves, a Sufi tries to stay away from politics and public affairs, so as too not get corrupted. The Sufi's path is a path of love, to be thankful of all God's bounties. Many Sufi's try to help individuals in trouble. They use special powers, which enable them to help people who are suffering. Of course this power can only be given by God, and Sufi's in no way equal to God's power. In fact, Sufi's that claim to be at the same level of God cannot be classified as a Muslim. (Frager 11)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sufi's stress love, because they believe that love will help you in the Day of Judgement. That the people who you truly love, will give you their good deeds, so that you may enter Paradise. Normally these people who give their good deeds away are known as dervishes (this is quite different from the belief in Islam).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sufi's also stress the remembrance of God, which is called Zikr. They try to get close to God, to be one with God. They define God as something that is close to you but you can't see it. That God is all around us, but His presence is too overwhelming to see. An example is like fish who is in water. The fish can't really see the water, even though it is all around the fish. Once a person realizes the presence of God, he or she will feel closer to God. (Frager 27)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sufi's believe that God remains hidden, so that people don't complain to Him (this however is not an Islamic belief). In Islam, God's presence isn't seen, because He has too much power for the human eyes to see. Sufi's also believe that pain increases the devotion to God. To get close to God, one must experience pain. To suffer pain is a true test of faith. Life becomes a test for that person, and if he or she remains close to God, then he or s... ...o temptation. A Sufi must have a strong will and be able to control their inner soul (nafs). This also part of the reason why they isolate themselves, so they do not get tempted by any worldly desires. A Sufi's outside appearance should represent his inner soul. If a person does commits a sin then he/she must repent to God, and ask for forgiveness. If a Sufi sees a fault in someone else, then he should correct. It is a Sufi's duty to correct other people and help them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These beliefs are followed by many Sufi's around the world. All aspect of Sufism are considered Islamic, unless the basic principles of Islam are broken. These basic principles are found in the Qur'an and also in the hadith. Anything else added to the religion is called bidah, and is not accepted in Islam. Sufism deals with a whole other side of Islam, a part which deals with mystical powers and mysteries (some of which are not meant to be understood, that is only for God to know). To understand these powers and mysteries are very difficult and take a great deal of studying and self searching. But when one taps into these mystical powers, that person opens a door of unlimited knowledge.

Snow Goose Overpopulation Essay -- essays research papers

The Overpopulation of the Snow Goose in North America Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore available research on the overpopulation of the Snow Goose on the North American continent. The snow goose has been rising in population since the middle of the century and has been escalating so much it is destroying their natural habitat. Wildlife managers have just recently begun to implement strategies to combat this problem. Mainly through the use of hunters the managers are trying to curb the population growth. Introduction There are three main species of Snow Goose of primary concern. The Lesser Snow Goose (LSGO) is the must abundant and at the same time most troublesome. Ross’ Goose (ROGO) is very similar to the Lesser and can only be distinguished by close observation. Both the Lesser and the Ross nest in salt marshes along Hudson Bay and then migrate down to the gulf coast states such as Texas and Louisiana. Their populations number in the millions. The third sub species is the Greater Snow Goose. They nest in the same marshes as the others except they migrate down the Atlantic Coast into the Carolinas and that vicinity. All three species have exploded in numbers since the 1950’s. Researchers have done a lot of study on the numbers and the degradation but may need to do more studies on the impact to other species and look for other options to control the populations. Population Trends The numbers of all "light" colored geese has been on the rise since data was first collected. The Lesser Snow Goose (LSGO) has drastically increased in number since data was first taken. Numbers range from around 800,000 in 1969 to as many as 6 million in 1996 (CWS 1999). While the Greater Snow Goose (GSGO) has risen in numbers from a few thousand to almost 500,000 (CWS 1999). This brief article did not provide much insight into actual numbers. Abraham and Jeffries in their report dig deeper and provide more significant and detailed population counts. Their numbers add in the Mid-winter index, which is the number of geese counted during mid-winter and referred to as MWI. Their numbers also have a count for Ross’ Goose (ROGO) which primarily flies with the (LSGO) and is very hard to distinguish (Abraham and Jeffries 1998). They too suggest the LSGO population to be aro... ...s will need to kill over 900,000 geese a year for over a decade to make any kind of dent in the population (Hodge 1999). Some are skeptical that hunters can take that many birds to begin with, let alone the fact that to many that seems like a merciless slaughter of innocent animals. Conclusion It appears that one thing is very clear†¦ there is an overpopulation of Snow Geese on the North American Continent. The situation is almost out of hand and something needs to be done fast. Although there has enough research on the fact that there are simply to many geese there really has not been enough on the impacts to other species, and what is the best way to take care of the problem. Both the US and the Canadian government seem to be on the right path to controlling this problem that humans have created. But more needs to be done. There just simply isn’t enough hunters around to take the proper amount of birds in a sporting manner. Wildlife managers are going to have to step in and take more radical measure to control this before its too late and we have lost all the habitat for the geese and all other habitants of the salt marshes of the Hudson Bay area.

Development of the Bond Market in Bangladesh Essay

It is a privilege to be here this morning at this pioneering event, and I would like to congratulate the Bangladesh Bank and the Securities and Exchange Commission for hosting the first-ever international workshop on the development of bond market in Bangladesh. Bond markets link issuers having long-term financing needs with investors willing to place funds in long-term, interest-bearing securitiBangladeshes. has both the issuers and the investors in place but it still has not been able to link them effectively through a bond market. The positive effect of developing a domestic bond market on the economy is well-known. On the one hand, bond markets are essential for a country to enter a sustained phase of development driven by market-based capital allocation and increased avenues for raising debt capital. On the other hand, the central position occupied by domestic bond markets in markedly increasing the resilience of a country’s financial system and insulating it against external shocks, contagion and reduction of access to international capital markets is established. Capital markets are essentially about matching the needs of investors with those that need capital for development. Bangladesh has no shortage of both such parties, a young and dynamic population that increasingly wants, and is able to, make provision for lifetime events, to save for children’s education, for the possibility of ill health and ultimately for old age and retirement. On the other side of the equation, Bangladesh has a pressing need for investment resources to bolster its stretched infrastructure resources, to build more power stations, bridges, ports and gas-pipelines to empower the people in the development of enterprise and the creation of jobs. Debt markets are an extremely effective mechanism for matching the long term needs of savers with those of entrepreneurs. Term capital is a precious commodity and it has been a frustration to see the process of long term savings, such as provident funds and life insurance contracts, being invested in short term instruments such as bank deposits, a process we call ‘reverse term transformation’ but we could equally call it â€Å"reverse alchemy† in which the gold of term capital is turned into the lead of short term iabilities. As a development institution it is our goal to establish sustainable capacity. As Bangladesh has led the world in its development of the microfinance industry, you have impressed us all with your ability to mobilize funds for productive purposes at the community level in the villages. What we need to see now is a similar degree of success at the institutional level in terms of mobilizing resources for infrastructure and other uses of long ter m funds. At the World Bank, we would like to help you in this endeavor; it is much more useful that Taka funds are mobilized to fund projects whose sole revenue source will be in Taka. I am sure that it is a shared ambition of us all that Bangladesh should play a larger role in mobilizing its own capital resources and reducing the dependency upon donor institutions such as ourselves. We at the World Bank would like to work with you to this end, so that we can move on from providing infrastructure finance for sustainable development to a higher level of developing a sustainable, national, infrastructure financing capacity. Bond markets in most countries are built on the same basic elements: a number of issuers with long-term financing needs, investors with a need to place savings or other liquid funds in interest-bearing securities, intermediaries that bring together investors and issuers, and an infrastructure that provides a conducive environment for securities transactions, ensures legal title to securities and settlement of transactions, and provides price discovery information. The regulatory regime provides the basic framework for bond markets and, indeed, for capital markets in general. Efficient bond markets are characterized by a competitive market structure, low transaction costs, low levels of fragmentation, a robust and safe market infrastructure, and a high level of heterogeneity among market participants. It is my hope that this Workshop will debate and discuss the various initiatives that are necessary to develop the intermediaries, infrastructure and the regulatory regime so that a vibrant bond market becomes a reality in Bangladesh soon. An important element of a domestic bond market is the government bond market. Development of a government bond market provides a number of important benefits if the pre-requisites to a sound development are in place. At the macroeconomic policy level, a government securities market provides an avenue for domestic funding of budget deficits and avoid a build-up of foreign currency-denominated debt. A government securities market can also strengthen the transmission and implementation of monetary policy, including the achievement of monetary targets or inflation objectives, and can enable the use of market-based indirect monetary policy instruments. The existence of such a market not only can enable authorities to smooth consumption and investment expenditures in response to shocks, but if coupled with sound debt management, can also help governments reduce their exposure to interest rate risk – a situation that is looming large in the National Savings Certificates market, currency, and other financial risks. Finally, a shift toward market-oriented funding of government budget deficits will reduce debt-service costs over the medium to long term through development of a deep and liquid market for government securities. The prerequisites for establishing an efficient government domestic currency securities market include a credible and stable government; sound fiscal and monetary policies; effective legal, tax, and regulatory infrastructure; smooth and secure settlement arrangements; and a liberalized financial system with competing intermediaries. Since pension and life insurance reform helps in the development of government securities market, starting the process of pension and insurance reform now might be prudent because of the time it takes to feel the positive impact of such reforms on the capital market. While some of these prerequisites have already been met, I hope that this Workshop will discuss the initiatives, their prioritization and the time horizon for their implementation, which will be necessary for putting the rest in place. Before ending, I would like to table a few suggestions for consideration in the Workshop. These are: 1. Creating a bond market in Bangladesh will be a long process, and the hard work of many architects, artisans and craftsmen will be required in the construction. I am optimistic that the foundations are now in place and this seminar is going to be one of many uilding blocks that will help create the market framework. This framework must be solid if a bond market is to gain investors’ confidence and hence allow public and private sectors to raise capital for the much needed investments in Bangladesh. 2. To ease the process, the Government bonds must come first. To increase the attractiveness of these bonds and to ensure their soundness, Banglades h Bank will need to continue its initiatives to develop the secondary market, lower transaction costs and improve upon the market infrastructure to support secondary market liquidity. The Bangladesh Bank has already achieved a great deal to this end in a very short time. It was not so long ago that government debt market trading was effectively zero; now we see a disciplined, organized market taking shape with maturities in traded securities out to ten years. We congratulate the Governor and his team for their achievements in this field and are proud if we have been able to play some small part in support of the Government and the Bangladesh Bank in this success. 3. Banks are invariably amongst the major users of long term debt markets in order to raise long-term subordinate debt to supplement their capital bases. Many regulators now actively encourage the issuance of debt by banks in the local currency market as a step towards the discipline of â€Å"market monitoring† envisaged in the Basel II capital adequacy regime. It is probably the case that the state of the banking system in Bangladesh makes this a medium-term project, however, we have already been presently surprised by the progress we have seen in several fields in terms of banking sector reform and debt market development. A prior requirement to facilitate issuance of fixed income capital instruments is the adoption of international accounting standards, and more effective enforcement of Bangladesh Bank’s supervisory standards. The increased use of credit rating agencies has often accompanied this development, but this can add value only to the extent that the opinion of the rating agencies is valued by the market. We have noted with interest the nascent development of a debt rating capacity in Bangladesh and hope to see this sector rise to international standards. . One other extremely important role that debt markets can play is in the development of the housing finance market, an area of activity where the ordinary citizens need to have access to long-term loans to fulfill their dream of owning their own property. While capital markets can not bring down the price of real estate in Bangladesh, efficient capital markets can make housing more affordable, and more attainable, through extending t he maturity of loans and lowering monthly repayment terms. 5. Not only will a bond market require good financial foundations, but long-term investment institutions will also need to be developed with demand for longer maturity assets. The insurance and pension markets are currently not fully developed in Bangladesh. These markets should be reformed as they are the natural buyers of long-term securities. We understand that the Ministry of Commerce is now in the process of disseminating much awaited investment guidelines which will allow insurance companies to offer more competitive products to their clients by allowing them to invest more productively, and securely, in the capital markets. Reform and development of the pension sector, combined with a new approach to the NSS, should be next on the agenda. 6. The World Bank is already working with the Government and Bangladesh Bank on some of these key issues, and we shall be ready to work further with them within the limits of our own comparative advantage. We have been extremely pleased to see the coordinated approach of the Bangladesh Bank, Ministry of Finance, the SEC and the National Board of Revenue to work with IPDC to bring the first securitization transaction to market in Bangladesh. This has been one solid step towards mobilizing finance for entrepreneurs and has confounded those skeptics who thought that securitization is â€Å"too sophisticated† for Bangladesh. Perhaps those skeptics would benefit from seeing the collected talent and enthusiasm for development gathered here in this room today. We would very much like to hope that the next securitization will be another transaction close to our heart, that of the securitization of a portion of the toll revenues of the Jamuna Bridge. The IPDC loan securitization was a long time in the making and the Jamuna Bridge securitization appears to be following the same path. This is a transaction which all experts agree would have a major positive impact not only on capital market development in Bangladesh, but also in mobilizing taka finance for other strategic infrastructure developments such as the proposed Padma Bridge. We can only hope that the Jamuna Bridge securitization will enjoy the same long term success. To facilitate this process, it would be useful to have designated counterparts from the Government and Bangladesh Bank. Such a crucial market as a domestic bond market needs excellent domestic regulation and supervision if investors and borrowers are not to be disappointed or worse. It cannot be created by outsiders. Along with you all, I am eagerly looking forward to the technical sessions, which have been very well-organized. In conclusion, I would urge the participants to discuss the issues at length and provide some specific recommendations for the Government, Bangladesh Bank, the SEC, and indeed all the stakeholders, which can be implemented immediately. This could pave the path for a well-functioning bond market that can change the existing bank-oriented financial system to a multilayered system, where capital markets can complement bank financing. I wish the workshop and its participants all success.